Cardiol Res

Cardiology Research, ISSN 1923-2829 print, 1923-2837 online, Open Access

Article copyright, the authors; Journal compilation copyright, Cardiol Res and Elmer Press Inc

Journal website https://www.cardiologyres.org

Original Article

Volume 1, Number 1, December 2010, pages 8-14

Role of Genetic Polymorphism of Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme, Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor-1 and Endothelial Nitric Oxide Synthase in the Prognosis of Coronary Artery Disease

Figure 1. Kaplan-Meier analysis for probability of MACE free patients. (a) Probablility of MACE free survival in all patients. (b) Probabilities of MACE survival in SVD and MVD patients, p=0.038, log-rank test.

**Table 1.** Baseline Demographic and Clinical Characteristics
	CAD patients	Control	P value
TC, total cholesterol; TG, triglycerides
No. of subjects	155	190
Age(year, mean±SD)	63.7 ± 9.8	63.3 ± 9.4	0.7
Male/famale	113/42	110/80	0.005
Diabetes	35 (22.5)	10 (5.2)	< 0.001
Hypertension	72 (46.4)	21 (11)	< 0.001
Smoking	52 (33.5)	55 (28.9)	0.04
TC (mmol/L)	4.93 ± 1.06	3.6 ± 1.3	< 0.001
TG (mmol/L)	1.83 ± 1.25	1.5 ± 1.2	0.024
PAI-1 gene (4G/5G)
5G5G	35 (22.5)	61 (32,1)	0.006
4G5G	62 (40)	87 (45.8)
4G4G	58 (37.5)	42 (22.1)
ACE gene (I/D)

II	49 (31.6)	93 (48.9)	0.002
ID	56 (36.1)	61 (32.1)
DD	50 (32.3)	36 (19)
eNOS gene
GG	113 (72.9)	156 (82.1)	0.029
GT	36 (23.3)	33 (17.4)
TT	6 (3.8)	1 (0.5)

Table 1. Baseline Demographic and Clinical Characteristics

CAD patients

Control

P value

n (%)

TC, total cholesterol; TG, triglycerides

No. of subjects

155

190

Age(year, mean±SD)

63.7 ± 9.8

63.3 ± 9.4

0.7

Male/famale

113/42

110/80

0.005

Diabetes

35 (22.5)

10 (5.2)

< 0.001

Hypertension

72 (46.4)

21 (11)

< 0.001

Smoking

52 (33.5)

55 (28.9)

0.04

TC (mmol/L)

4.93 ± 1.06

3.6 ± 1.3

< 0.001

TG (mmol/L)

1.83 ± 1.25

1.5 ± 1.2

0.024

PAI-1 gene (4G/5G)

5G5G

35 (22.5)

61 (32,1)

0.006

4G5G

62 (40)

87 (45.8)

4G4G

58 (37.5)

42 (22.1)

ACE gene (I/D)

49 (31.6)

93 (48.9)

0.002

56 (36.1)

61 (32.1)

50 (32.3)

36 (19)

eNOS gene

113 (72.9)

156 (82.1)

0.029

36 (23.3)

33 (17.4)

6 (3.8)

1 (0.5)

**Table 2.** Baseline Clinical Characteristics and Gene Polymorphisms Between Different CAD Subtypes
	SVD	MVD	P value
SVD, single vessel disease; MVD, multiple vessel disease; TC, total cholesterol; TG, triglycerides.
No. of subjects	54	101
Age (year, mean ± SD)	61.7 ± 11.8	64.3 ± 8.4	0.11
Male/famale	40/14	73/28	0.85
Diabetes	11 (20.3)	46 (45.5)	0.003
Hypertension	25 (46.3)	47 (46.5)	1.00
Smoking	19 (35.2)	33 (32.7)	0.85
TC (mmol/L)	4.8 ± 1.9	4.6 ± 1.2	0.31
TG (mmol/L)	1.93 ± 1.1	1.7 ± 0.9	0.16
PAI-1 gene (4G/5G)
5G5G	22 (40.7)	13 (12.9)	< 0.001
4G5G	21 (38.9)	41 (40.6)
4G4G	11 (20.4)	47 (46.5)
ACE gene (I/D)
II	17 (31.5)	32 (31.7)	0.08
ID	14 (25.9)	42 (41.6)
DD	23 (42.6)	27 (26.7)
eNOS gene (G/T)
GG	44 (81.5)	69 (68.3)	0.09
GT+TT	10 (18.5)	32 (31.7)

Table 2. Baseline Clinical Characteristics and Gene Polymorphisms Between Different CAD Subtypes

SVD

MVD

P value

n (%)

SVD, single vessel disease; MVD, multiple vessel disease; TC, total cholesterol; TG, triglycerides.

No. of subjects

101

Age (year, mean ± SD)

61.7 ± 11.8

64.3 ± 8.4

0.11

Male/famale

40/14

73/28

0.85

Diabetes

11 (20.3)

46 (45.5)

0.003

Hypertension

25 (46.3)

47 (46.5)

1.00

Smoking

19 (35.2)

33 (32.7)

0.85

TC (mmol/L)

4.8 ± 1.9

4.6 ± 1.2

0.31

TG (mmol/L)

1.93 ± 1.1

1.7 ± 0.9

0.16

PAI-1 gene (4G/5G)

5G5G

22 (40.7)

13 (12.9)

< 0.001

4G5G

21 (38.9)

41 (40.6)

4G4G

11 (20.4)

47 (46.5)

ACE gene (I/D)

17 (31.5)

32 (31.7)

0.08

14 (25.9)

42 (41.6)

23 (42.6)

27 (26.7)

eNOS gene (G/T)

44 (81.5)

69 (68.3)

0.09

GT+TT

10 (18.5)

32 (31.7)

**Table 3.** MACE Results in Different CAD Subtypes During Follow-Up
Follow-up Outcome	SVD (n = 54)	MVD (n = 101)
SCD, sudden cardiac death; MI, myocardial infarction.
Angina	24	49
MI	2	5
SCD	0	1

Table 3. MACE Results in Different CAD Subtypes During Follow-Up

Follow-up Outcome

SVD (n = 54)

MVD (n = 101)

SCD, sudden cardiac death; MI, myocardial infarction.

Angina

SCD

**Table 4.** Clinical Characteristics and Gene Polymorphisms Among Patients With and Without MACE During Follow-up
	With MACE	Without MACE	P value
MACE, major adverse cardiovascular event; TC, total cholesterol; TG, triglycerides
No. of subjects	81	74
Age (year, mean±SD)	62.1 ± 10.8	63.1 ± 9.1	0.53
Male/famale	61/20	52/22	0.59
Smoking	32 (39.5)	20 (27)	0.01
Diabetes mellitus	24 (29.6)	11 (14.9)	0.03
Hypertension	39 (48.1)	33 (44.6)	0.75
TC (mmol/L)	5.2 ± 1.4	4.8 ± 1.2	0.06
TG (mmol/L)	1.9 ± 1.3	1.8 ± 1.5	0.65
PAI-1 gene (4G/5G)
5G5G	10 (12.3)	25 (33.8)	< 0.001
4G5G	31 (38.3)	31 (41.9)
4G4G	40 (49.4)	18 (24.3)
ACE gene (I/D)
II	19 (23.4)	30 (40.5)	0.002
ID	26 (32.1)	30 (40.5)
DD	36 (44.5)	14 (19)
Enos gene (G/T)
GG	57 (70.4)	56 (75.7)	0.48
GT+TT	24 (29.6)	18 (24.3)

Table 4. Clinical Characteristics and Gene Polymorphisms Among Patients With and Without MACE During Follow-up

With MACE

Without MACE

P value

n (%)

MACE, major adverse cardiovascular event; TC, total cholesterol; TG, triglycerides

No. of subjects

Age (year, mean±SD)

62.1 ± 10.8

63.1 ± 9.1

0.53

Male/famale

61/20

52/22

0.59

Smoking

32 (39.5)

20 (27)

0.01

Diabetes mellitus

24 (29.6)

11 (14.9)

0.03

Hypertension

39 (48.1)

33 (44.6)

0.75

TC (mmol/L)

5.2 ± 1.4

4.8 ± 1.2

0.06

TG (mmol/L)

1.9 ± 1.3

1.8 ± 1.5

0.65

PAI-1 gene (4G/5G)

5G5G

10 (12.3)

25 (33.8)

< 0.001

4G5G

31 (38.3)

31 (41.9)

4G4G

40 (49.4)

18 (24.3)

ACE gene (I/D)

19 (23.4)

30 (40.5)

0.002

26 (32.1)

30 (40.5)

36 (44.5)

14 (19)

Enos gene (G/T)

57 (70.4)

56 (75.7)

0.48

GT+TT

24 (29.6)

18 (24.3)

**Table 5.** Univariate Hazard Ratios by Cox Regression Analysis for the MACE
Variables	Hazard ratio	95% CI	P value
Age
≤60	1
>60	1.12	0.82 - 3.22	0.36
Male gender
Female	1
Male	1.22	1.02 - 2.28	0.014
Diabetes mellitus
No	1
Yes	2.57	1.39 - 5.66	0.002
Hypertension
No	1
Yes	1.95	1.28 - 3.97	0.01
Smoking
No	1
Yes	0.89	0.32 - 1.86	0.79
TC
≤5.7	1
>5.7	1.23	0.47-2.76	0.81
TG
≤1.7	1
>1.7	1.77	0.63 - 3.99	0.57
PAI-1 gene
5G/5G	1
4G/5G	1.4	0.98 - 2.41	0.43
4G/4G	3.54	1.24 - 7.33	<0.001
ACE gene
II	1
I/D	1.9	0.76 - 3.1	0.32
DD	2.86	1.64 - 5.89	0.003
eNOS gene
GG	1
GT+TT	1.28	0.34 - 2.45	0.17

Table 5. Univariate Hazard Ratios by Cox Regression Analysis for the MACE

Variables

Hazard ratio

95% CI

P value

Age

≤60

>60

1.12

0.82 - 3.22

0.36

Male gender

Female

Male

1.22

1.02 - 2.28

0.014

Diabetes mellitus

Yes

2.57

1.39 - 5.66

0.002

Hypertension

Yes

1.95

1.28 - 3.97

0.01

Smoking

Yes

0.89

0.32 - 1.86

0.79

≤5.7

>5.7

1.23

0.47-2.76

0.81

≤1.7

>1.7

1.77

0.63 - 3.99

0.57

PAI-1 gene

5G/5G

4G/5G

1.4

0.98 - 2.41

0.43

4G/4G

3.54

1.24 - 7.33

<0.001

ACE gene

I/D

1.9

0.76 - 3.1

0.32

2.86

1.64 - 5.89

0.003

eNOS gene

GT+TT

1.28

0.34 - 2.45

0.17

**Table 6.** Multivariate Hazard Ratio by Cox Regression Analysis for the MACE Events
Variables	Hazard ratio	95% CI	P value
Male gender
Male	1
Female	0.98	0.85 - 2.38	0.32
Diabetes mellitus
No	1
Yes	2.36	1.33 - 4.46	0.003
Hypertension
No	1
Yes	1.87	0.98 - 3.88	0.12
PAI-1 gene
5G5G	1
4G5G	1.22	0.88 - 2.12	0.51
4G4G	3.45	1.71 - 6.56	0.009
ACE gene
II	1
ID	1.82	0.66 - 2.6	0.52
DD	2.99	1.84 - 5.76	0.005

Table 6. Multivariate Hazard Ratio by Cox Regression Analysis for the MACE Events

Variables

Hazard ratio

95% CI

P value

Male gender

Male

Female

0.98

0.85 - 2.38

0.32

Diabetes mellitus

Yes

2.36

1.33 - 4.46

0.003

Hypertension

Yes

1.87

0.98 - 3.88

0.12

PAI-1 gene

5G5G

4G5G

1.22

0.88 - 2.12

0.51

4G4G

3.45

1.71 - 6.56

0.009

ACE gene

1.82

0.66 - 2.6

0.52

2.99

1.84 - 5.76

0.005