Cardiology Research, ISSN 1923-2829 print, 1923-2837 online, Open Access
Article copyright, the authors; Journal compilation copyright, Cardiol Res and Elmer Press Inc
Journal website https://www.cardiologyres.org

Original Article

Volume 12, Number 3, June 2021, pages 169-176


Association Between Constipation and Frailty Components in Patients Undergoing Late Phase II Cardiac Rehabilitation

Figures

Figure 1.
Figure 1. The number of applicable items for functional constipation diagnosis criteria. Subjects were classified into constipation (n = 33, 32%) and non-constipation (n = 69, 68%) groups according to the Chronic Constipation Treatment Guidelines.
Figure 2.
Figure 2. Comparison of constipation prevalence and complaint rates in patients undergoing late phase II cardiac rehabilitation.
Figure 3.
Figure 3. Comparison of diagnostic criteria for functional constipation between the constipation and non-constipation groups.
Figure 4.
Figure 4. Comparison of Bristol Stool Form Scale between the constipation and non-constipation groups.

Tables

Table 1. Clinical Characteristics of the Study Subjects
 
All subjects (n = 102)Constipation group (n = 33)Non-constipation group (n = 69)P value
Data are presented as the mean ± SD. CVD: cardiovascular disease; CR: cardiac rehabilitation; eGFR: estimated glomerular filtration rate; HDL-C: high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-C: low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; FBS: fasting blood sugar; BNP: brain natriuretic peptide; NT-proBNP: N-terminal pro brain natriuretic peptide; GNRI: Geriatric Nutritional Risk Index; ACE-I: angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor; ARB: angiotensin II receptor blocker; CCB: calcium-channel blocker; OHA: oral hypoglycemic agent.
Age, years62.7 ± 13.471.5 ± 11.258.5 ± 12.4< 0.01
Male, n (%)68 (67)20 (61)48 (70)0.37
Body mass index, kg/m224.0 ± 4.422.8 ± 3.324.5 ± 4.70.03
Hypertension, n (%)59 (58)17 (51)42 (61)0.37
Diabetes mellitus, n (%)12 (12)3 (9)10 (14)0.44
Dyslipidemia, n (%)30 (29)12 (36)18 (26)0.28
Current smoking, n (%)10 (18)1 (6)9 (23)0.27
CVD at the beginning of CR, n (%)
  Chronic heart failure64 (63)22 (67)43 (62)0.52
  Aortic disease22 (21)8 (24)14 (20)
  Acute myocardial infarction16 (16)3 (9)12 (18)
  Atrial fibrillation25 (25)11 (33)14 (20)0.15
Laboratory data
  Hemoglobin, g/dL13.1 ± 2.012.3 ± 1.813.4 ± 2.0< 0.01
  Albumin, g/dL3.8 ± 0.43.6 ± 0.43.9 ± 0.4< 0.01
  Creatinine, mg/dL1.07 ± 0.561.23 ± 0.670.99 ± 0.490.04
  eGFR, mL/min/1.73 m259.4 ± 20.650.7 ± 20.263.8 ± 19.3< 0.01
  Total cholesterol, mg/dL174 ± 32170 ± 33175 ± 330.55
  Triglyceride, mg/dL118 ± 97115 ± 65120 ± 1100.82
  HDL-C, mg/dL50 ± 1250 ± 1350 ± 120.96
  LDL-C, mg/dL99 ± 3092 ± 27104 ± 300.07
  FBS, mg/dL104 ± 2798 ± 18106 ± 300.15
  Hemoglobin A1c, %5.9 ± 0.75.8 ± 0.45.9 ± 0.80.85
  BNP, pg/mL290 ± 348361 ± 478242 ± 2210.20
  NT-proBNP, pg/mL1,855 ± 3,1223,069 ± 2,9891,855 ± 3,1220.23
  GNRI100.1 ± 12.397.1 ± 10.7103.3 ± 12.80.03
Ejection fraction, %51.0 ± 17.551.6 ± 18.150.8 ± 17.40.81
Medications, n (%)
  ACE-I33 (32)10 (30)23 (33)0.75
  ARB37 (36)12 (36)25 (36)0.98
  β-blockers87 (85)28 (85)59 (85)0.93
  CCB28 (27)6 (18)22 (32)0.14
  Loop diuretic66 (64)23 (70)43 (62)0.46
  Vasopressin antagonist16 (16)7 (21)9 (13)0.46
  Potassium-sparing diuretic39 (38)11 (33)28 (41)0.48
  Statin39 (38)14 (42)25 (36)0.54
  OHA8 (8)2 (6)6 (9)0.64
  Insulin2 (2)1 (3)1 (1)0.59
  Sleeping pills8 (8)3 (9)5 (7)0.74
  Proton pump inhibitor69 (67)22 (67)47 (68)0.88
  Laxatives31 (30)16 (48)15 (22)< 0.01
  Irritant laxative18 (18)11 (34)7 (10)< 0.01
  Lubiprostone4 (4)4 (12)0 (0)< 0.01
  Osmotic laxative19 (19)7 (21)12 (17)0.20
  Herbal medicine5 (5)2 (6)3 (4)0.74

 

Table 2. Comparison of Frailty Components Between the Constipation and Non-Constipation Groups
 
All subjects (n = 102)Constipation group (n = 33)Non-constipation group (n = 69)P value
Data are presented as the mean ± SD.
Kihon checklist score
  Activities of daily living0.80 ± 1.161.09 ± 1.550.68 ± 0.910.09
  Physical function1.21 ± 1.261.60 ± 1.241.04 ± 1.220.03
  Nutritional status0.60 ± 0.601.09 ± 0.940.71 ± 0.940.05
  Oral function0.82 ± 0.950.63 ± 0.600.61 ± 0.620.83
  Social activities of daily living0.40 ± 0.560.58 ± 0.560.31 ± 0.550.03
  Cognitive function0.35 ± 0.600.48 ± 0.660.30 ± 0.570.16
  Depressive mood1.89 ± 1.742.67 ± 1.571.53 ± 1.70< 0.01
  Total score6.02 ± 4.208.15 ± 4.245.20 ± 3.87< 0.01
Prevalence of frailty
  Frailty, n (%)35 (34)18 (55)17 (25)0.01
  Pre-frailty, n (%)35 (34)10 (30)25 (36)
  Non-frailty, n (%)32 (32)5 (15)27 (39)