Cardiology Research, ISSN 1923-2829 print, 1923-2837 online, Open Access
Article copyright, the authors; Journal compilation copyright, Cardiol Res and Elmer Press Inc
Journal website https://www.cardiologyres.org

Review

Volume 13, Number 1, February 2022, pages 2-10

Quadricuspid Aortic Valve: An Introduction for Clinicians

Figures

Figure 1.
Figure 1. Hurwitz and Roberts’ classification subtypes of quadricuspid aortic valves, including Vali et al’s type H supplement. The figure was reprinted with permission from Yuan [38].
Figure 2.
Figure 2. Nakamura’s simplified classification subtypes of quadricuspid aortic valves. S: supernumerary cusp; R: right coronary cusp; L: left coronary cusp; N: noncoronary cusp. The figure was reprinted with permission from Yuan [38].
Figure 3.
Figure 3. A Hurwitz and Roberts’ type A/Nakamura type I quadricuspid aortic valve visualized by various imaging methods in both diastolic and systolic phases. TTE: transthoracic echocardiography; 3DTTE: three-dimensional TTE; CTA: computed tomography angiogram; CMR: cardiac magnetic resonance imaging. The figure was reprinted with permission from Malviya et al [56].

Tables

Table 1. Hurwitz and Roberts’s Seven Subtypes With an Additional Type H
 
Type A (32% [8]): four equal-sized cusps
Type B (41% [8]): three equal-sized larger cusps and one smaller cusp
Type C (15% [8]): two equal-sized larger cusps and two equal-sized smaller cusps
Type D (3% [8]): one larger cusp, two intermediate cusps, and one smaller cusp
Type E (2% [8]): one larger cusp and three equal-sized smaller cusps
Type F (2% [8]): two equal-sized larger cusps and two unequal-sized smaller cusps
Type G (5% [8]): four unequal-sized cusps
Type H: one larger cusp, one intermediate cusp, and two equal-sized smaller cusps

 

Table 2. Nakamura’s Four Subtypes
 
Type I (23.8% [34]): supernumerary cusp between the left and right coronary cusps
Type II (30.9% [34]): supernumerary cusp between the right and noncoronary cusp
Type III (7.1% [34]): supernumerary cusp between the left and noncoronary cusp
Type IV (9.5% [34]): supernumerary cusp indistinguishable due to two equal-sized smaller noncoronary cusps