Cardiol Res

Cardiology Research, ISSN 1923-2829 print, 1923-2837 online, Open Access

Article copyright, the authors; Journal compilation copyright, Cardiol Res and Elmer Press Inc

Journal website https://www.cardiologyres.org

Original Article

Volume 13, Number 4, August 2022, pages 218-227

Soccer and Risk of Cardiovascular Events

Figure 1. Visits to the emergency department with chest pain (a) and admissions with acute coronary syndrome (b). *P < 0.05 vs. mean admissions on match day.

Figure 2. Mean admissions by sex and result of match (a) and type of acute coronary syndrome (b). *P < 0.05 vs. nonmatch days. ACS: acute coronary syndrome; NSTEMI: non-ST-elevation myocardial infarction; STEMI: ST-elevation myocardial infarction.

Figure 3. Pharmacological adherence to antihypertensive, antidiabetic, and lipid-lowering drugs. *P < 0.05 vs. nonmatch days.

Figure 4. Psychological dimensions of anxiety and hostility among patients admitted with ACS. (a) Values on the anxiety scale obtained with the SA-45 questionnaire. (b) Results for the hostility dimension of the SA-45 and Ho questionnaires. The data shown are the result of comparing with controls (patients admitted on nonmatch days). *P < 0.05 vs. controls. ACS: acute coronary syndrome; Ho: Cook-Medley hostility scale; SA-45: Symptom Assessment 45.

Figure 5. Visits to the emergency department with chest pain (a) and admissions with acute coronary syndrome (b) after lockdown. *P < 0.05 vs. mean admissions on match days and nonmatch days.

**Table 1.** Baseline Clinical Characteristics Before COVID-19
	No match (n = 1,143)	Match (n = 153)	Significance (P)
Values are expresses as mean ± standard deviation for age, blood pressure, HbA1c, LDL-C and body mass index and percentages (95% confidence interval) for the rest of parameters. COVID-19: coronavirus disease 2019; BP: blood pressure; DLP: dyslipidemia; DM: diabetes mellitus; HbA1c: glycosylated hemoglobin; IHD: ischemic heart disease; LDL-C: low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; NS: nonsignificant.
Age (years)	69.3 ± 12.3	68.1 ± 11.9	NS
Men	65.8 (63.0 - 68.6)	73.2 (66.2 - 80.2)	< 0.05
Blood pressure (mm Hg)	143/96 ± 12/4	142/95 ± 12/3	NS
Personal history of high BP	72.9 (70.3 - 75.5)	72.6 (65.5 - 79.7)	NS
Good control of BP	76.7 (74.2 - 79.2)	76.4 (69.7 - 83.1)	NS
HbA1c (%)	6.0 ± 0.2	6.5 ± 0.2	< 0.05
Personal history of DM	43.9 (46.4 - 52.2)	41.2 (33.4 - 49.0)	NS
Good glycemic control	93.0 (91.5 - 94.5)	79.9 (73.5 - 86.3)	< 0.05
LDL - C (mg/dL)	112.6 ± 41.2	130.7 ± 44.0	NS
Personal history of DLP	57.5 (54.6 - 60.4)	58.2 (40.4 - 66.0)	NS
Good control of lipids	52.4 (49.5 - 55.3)	43.0 (34.2 - 49.8)	< 0.05
Body mass index (kg/m²)	29.4 ± 2.4	30.6 ± 1.8	NS
Overweight	38.0 (35.2 - 40.8)	35.9 (28.3 - 43.5)	NS
Obesity	40.3 (37.5 - 43.1)	48.8 (40.9 - 56.7)	< 0.05
Smoker or former smoker	67.7 (65.0 - 70.4)	77.1 (70.4 - 83.8)	< 0.05
Previous IHD	41.4 (38.5 - 44.3)	32.6 (25.2 - 40.0)	< 0.05
Chronic kidney disease	23.6 (21.1 - 26.1)	26.1 (19.1 - 33.1)	NS

Table 1. Baseline Clinical Characteristics Before COVID-19

No match (n = 1,143)

Match (n = 153)

Significance (P)

Values are expresses as mean ± standard deviation for age, blood pressure, HbA1c, LDL-C and body mass index and percentages (95% confidence interval) for the rest of parameters. COVID-19: coronavirus disease 2019; BP: blood pressure; DLP: dyslipidemia; DM: diabetes mellitus; HbA1c: glycosylated hemoglobin; IHD: ischemic heart disease; LDL-C: low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; NS: nonsignificant.

Age (years)

69.3 ± 12.3

68.1 ± 11.9

Men

65.8 (63.0 - 68.6)

73.2 (66.2 - 80.2)

< 0.05

Blood pressure (mm Hg)

143/96 ± 12/4

142/95 ± 12/3

Personal history of high BP

72.9 (70.3 - 75.5)

72.6 (65.5 - 79.7)

Good control of BP

76.7 (74.2 - 79.2)

76.4 (69.7 - 83.1)

HbA1c (%)

6.0 ± 0.2

6.5 ± 0.2

< 0.05

Personal history of DM

43.9 (46.4 - 52.2)

41.2 (33.4 - 49.0)

Good glycemic control

93.0 (91.5 - 94.5)

79.9 (73.5 - 86.3)

< 0.05

LDL - C (mg/dL)

112.6 ± 41.2

130.7 ± 44.0

Personal history of DLP

57.5 (54.6 - 60.4)

58.2 (40.4 - 66.0)

Good control of lipids

52.4 (49.5 - 55.3)

43.0 (34.2 - 49.8)

< 0.05

Body mass index (kg/m²)

29.4 ± 2.4

30.6 ± 1.8

Overweight

38.0 (35.2 - 40.8)

35.9 (28.3 - 43.5)

Obesity

40.3 (37.5 - 43.1)

48.8 (40.9 - 56.7)

< 0.05

Smoker or former smoker

67.7 (65.0 - 70.4)

77.1 (70.4 - 83.8)

< 0.05

Previous IHD

41.4 (38.5 - 44.3)

32.6 (25.2 - 40.0)

< 0.05

Chronic kidney disease

23.6 (21.1 - 26.1)

26.1 (19.1 - 33.1)

**Table 2.** Score on the Remaining Scales of the SA-45 Questionnaire: Somatization, Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder, Interpersonal Sensitivity, Depression, Phobic Anxiety, Paranoid Ideation, and Psychoticism
	No match (n = 70)	Match (n = 70)	Significance (P)
SA-45: Symptom Assessment 45; NS: nonsignificant.
Somatization	4.1 ± 3.3	5.9 ± 3.6	5.0 ± 3.9	7.1 ± 4.1	NS
Obsessive-compulsive disorder	5.1 ± 3.8	5.0 ± 3.4	5.8 ± 3.6	5.7 ± 4.0	NS
Interpersonal sensitivity	4.3 ± 3.4	6.6 ± 4.9	5.1 ± 4.7	8.8 ± 4.5	< 0.05
Depression	7.2 ± 4.8	10.6 ± 5.4	7.8 ± 4.6	10.9 ± 7.2	< 0.05
Phobic anxiety	2.2 ± 1.2	3.5 ± 2.0	3.9 ± 3.1	2.2 ± 1.5	NS
Paranoid ideation	5.0 ± 3.1	5.6 ± 3.3	6.2 ± 4.0	4.9 ± 3.4	NS
Psychoticism	2.9 ± 2.5	3.1 ± 2.7	3.7 ± 2.8	3.2 ± 2.4	NS

Table 2. Score on the Remaining Scales of the SA-45 Questionnaire: Somatization, Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder, Interpersonal Sensitivity, Depression, Phobic Anxiety, Paranoid Ideation, and Psychoticism

No match (n = 70)

Match (n = 70)

Significance (P)

Men (n = 39)

Women (n = 31)

Men (n = 37)

Women (n = 33)

SA-45: Symptom Assessment 45; NS: nonsignificant.

Somatization

4.1 ± 3.3

5.9 ± 3.6

5.0 ± 3.9

7.1 ± 4.1

Obsessive-compulsive disorder

5.1 ± 3.8

5.0 ± 3.4

5.8 ± 3.6

5.7 ± 4.0

Interpersonal sensitivity

4.3 ± 3.4

6.6 ± 4.9

5.1 ± 4.7

8.8 ± 4.5

< 0.05

Depression

7.2 ± 4.8

10.6 ± 5.4

7.8 ± 4.6

10.9 ± 7.2

< 0.05

Phobic anxiety

2.2 ± 1.2

3.5 ± 2.0

3.9 ± 3.1

2.2 ± 1.5

Paranoid ideation

5.0 ± 3.1

5.6 ± 3.3

6.2 ± 4.0

4.9 ± 3.4

Psychoticism

2.9 ± 2.5

3.1 ± 2.7

3.7 ± 2.8

3.2 ± 2.4

**Table 3.** Baseline Clinical Characteristics of Patients After the COVID-19 Lockdown
	No match (n = 312)	Match (n = 31)	Significance (P)
Values are expresses as mean ± standard deviation for age, blood pressure, HbA1c, LDL-C and body mass index and percentages (95% confidence interval) for the rest of parameters. COVID-19: coronavirus disease 2019; BP: blood pressure; DLP: dyslipidemia; DM: diabetes mellitus; HbA1c: glycosylated hemoglobin; IHD: ischemic heart disease; LDL-C: low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; NS: nonsignificant.
Age (years)	68.2 ± 10.6	72.6 ± 9.9	NS
Male sex	60	68.8	< 0.05
Blood pressure (mm Hg)	145/96 ± 12/4	151/98 ± 13/4	NS
Personal history of high BP	70	78.9	< 0.05
Good control of BP	72.2	69.4	NS
HbA1c (%)	6.2 ± 0.2	6.8 ± 0.3	< 0.05
Personal history of DM	47.8	37.7	< 0.05
Good glycemic control	88	71.9	< 0.05
LDL-C (mg/dL)	119.8 ± 41.8	143.0 ± 44.3	NS
Personal history of DLP	58.1	66.8	< 0.05
Good control of lipids	49.6	40.1	< 0.05
Body mass index (kg/m²)	29.5 ± 2.8	29.7 ± 2.3	NS
Overweight/obesity	35.6/40.7	58.2/34.1	< 0.05
Smoker/former smoker	31.6/35.6	24.4/36.3	< 0.05
Previous IHD	41.9	24.1	< 0.05
Chronic kidney disease	19.3	16.6	NS

Table 3. Baseline Clinical Characteristics of Patients After the COVID-19 Lockdown

No match (n = 312)

Match (n = 31)

Significance (P)

Age (years)

68.2 ± 10.6

72.6 ± 9.9

Male sex

68.8

< 0.05

Blood pressure (mm Hg)

145/96 ± 12/4

151/98 ± 13/4

Personal history of high BP

78.9

< 0.05

Good control of BP

72.2

69.4

HbA1c (%)

6.2 ± 0.2

6.8 ± 0.3

< 0.05

Personal history of DM

47.8

37.7

< 0.05

Good glycemic control

71.9

< 0.05

LDL-C (mg/dL)

119.8 ± 41.8

143.0 ± 44.3

Personal history of DLP

58.1

66.8

< 0.05

Good control of lipids

49.6

40.1

< 0.05

Body mass index (kg/m²)

29.5 ± 2.8

29.7 ± 2.3

Overweight/obesity

35.6/40.7

58.2/34.1

< 0.05

Smoker/former smoker

31.6/35.6

24.4/36.3

< 0.05

Previous IHD

41.9

24.1

< 0.05

Chronic kidney disease

19.3

16.6