Cardiol Res

Cardiology Research, ISSN 1923-2829 print, 1923-2837 online, Open Access

Article copyright, the authors; Journal compilation copyright, Cardiol Res and Elmer Press Inc

Journal website https://www.cardiologyres.org

Original Article

Volume 13, Number 6, December 2022, pages 315-322

Impact of Fried Frailty Phenotype on Postoperative Outcomes After Durable Contemporary Mechanical Circulatory Support: A Single-Center Experience

Figure 1. Survival categorized by frailty phenotype in the whole cohort with long-term mechanical circulatory support.

**Table 1.** Baseline Demographics, Comorbidities, and Biochemical Parameters According to Fried Frailty Status
Variables	Total (n = 46)	Non-frail (n = 14)	Frail (n = 32)	P value
IQR: interquartile range; LVAD: left ventricular assist device; TAH: total artificial heart; LVEF: left ventricular ejection fraction; DM: diabetes mellitus; COPD: chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; CKD: chronic kidney disease; INTERMACS: Interagency Registry for Mechanically Assisted Circulatory Support; BTT: bridge to transplant; DT: destination therapy.
Age (years), median (IQR)	67 (60, 71)	66 (55,73)	68 (58, 71)	0.867
Gender, n (%)				1.000
Female	8 (17%)	2 (14%)	6 (19%)
Male	38 (83%)	12 (86%)	26 (81%)
Device type, n (%)				0.651
LVAD	40 (87%)	13 (93%)	27 (84%)
TAH	6 (13%)	1 (7%)	6 (16%)
Ischemic etiology, n (%)	23 (50%)	8 (57%)	15 (47%)	0.688
LVEF (%), median (IQR)	15 (10, 20)	20 (10, 25)	11 (10, 15)	0.017
Comorbidities, n (%)
DM	17 (37%)	7 (50%)	10 (31%)	0.225
COPD	8 (17%)	2 (14%)	6 (19%)	1.000
Malignancy	8 (17%)	3 (21%)	5 (16%)	0.684
Depression	7 (15%)	0 (0)	7 (22%)	0.083
Obstructive sleep apnea	7 (15%)	2 (14%)	5 (16%)	1.000
Atrial fibrillation	21 (46%)	6 (43%)	15 (47%)	0.801
CKD	16 (35%)	1 (7%)	15 (47%)	0.016
Lab parameters, median (IQR)
Albumin (g/dL)	3.6 (3.2, 4.0)	4.0 (3.5, 4.2)	3.5 (3.2, 3.7)	0.021
Prealbumin (mg/dL)	15 (13, 19)	15 (12, 21)	15 (13, 18)	0.867
Total protein (g/dL)	6.4 (5.9, 6.9)	6.4 (5.7, 7.1)	6.4 (6.0, 6.8)	0.858
Hemoglobin (g/dL)	9.8 (8.7, 10.7)	9.3 (8.5, 10.5)	9.8 (8.5, 10.7)	0.702
INTERMACS profile (0 - 7)	3.0 (2.8, 3.0)	3.0 (2.8, 4.0)	3.0 (2.3, 3.0)	0.177
Aim of surgery, n (%)				0.497
BTT	14 (30%)	3 (21%)	11 (34%)
DT	32 (70%)	11 (79%)	21 (66%)

Table 1. Baseline Demographics, Comorbidities, and Biochemical Parameters According to Fried Frailty Status

Variables

Total (n = 46)

Non-frail (n = 14)

Frail (n = 32)

P value

IQR: interquartile range; LVAD: left ventricular assist device; TAH: total artificial heart; LVEF: left ventricular ejection fraction; DM: diabetes mellitus; COPD: chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; CKD: chronic kidney disease; INTERMACS: Interagency Registry for Mechanically Assisted Circulatory Support; BTT: bridge to transplant; DT: destination therapy.

Age (years), median (IQR)

67 (60, 71)

66 (55,73)

68 (58, 71)

0.867

Gender, n (%)

1.000

Female

8 (17%)

2 (14%)

6 (19%)

Male

38 (83%)

12 (86%)

26 (81%)

Device type, n (%)

0.651

LVAD

40 (87%)

13 (93%)

27 (84%)

TAH

6 (13%)

1 (7%)

6 (16%)

Ischemic etiology, n (%)

23 (50%)

8 (57%)

15 (47%)

0.688

LVEF (%), median (IQR)

15 (10, 20)

20 (10, 25)

11 (10, 15)

0.017

Comorbidities, n (%)

17 (37%)

7 (50%)

10 (31%)

0.225

COPD

8 (17%)

2 (14%)

6 (19%)

1.000

Malignancy

8 (17%)

3 (21%)

5 (16%)

0.684

Depression

7 (15%)

0 (0)

7 (22%)

0.083

Obstructive sleep apnea

7 (15%)

2 (14%)

5 (16%)

1.000

Atrial fibrillation

21 (46%)

6 (43%)

15 (47%)

0.801

CKD

16 (35%)

1 (7%)

15 (47%)

0.016

Lab parameters, median (IQR)

Albumin (g/dL)

3.6 (3.2, 4.0)

4.0 (3.5, 4.2)

3.5 (3.2, 3.7)

0.021

Prealbumin (mg/dL)

15 (13, 19)

15 (12, 21)

15 (13, 18)

0.867

Total protein (g/dL)

6.4 (5.9, 6.9)

6.4 (5.7, 7.1)

6.4 (6.0, 6.8)

0.858

Hemoglobin (g/dL)

9.8 (8.7, 10.7)

9.3 (8.5, 10.5)

9.8 (8.5, 10.7)

0.702

INTERMACS profile (0 - 7)

3.0 (2.8, 3.0)

3.0 (2.8, 4.0)

3.0 (2.3, 3.0)

0.177

Aim of surgery, n (%)

0.497

BTT

14 (30%)

3 (21%)

11 (34%)

32 (70%)

11 (79%)

21 (66%)

**Table 2.** Postoperative Outcomes Categorized by Fried Frailty Status
Postoperative variables	Total (n = 46)	Non-frail (n = 14)	Frail (n = 32)	P value
Drive-line infections	6 (16%)	4 (31%)	2 (8%)	0.154
Gastrointestinal bleeding	8 (21%)	2 (16%)	6 (24%)	0.689
Pump thrombosis	2 (5%)	0 (0)	2 (8%)	0.538
Neurological events	7 (18%)	3 (23%)	4 (16%)	0.672

Table 2. Postoperative Outcomes Categorized by Fried Frailty Status

Postoperative variables

Total (n = 46)

Non-frail (n = 14)

Frail (n = 32)

P value

Drive-line infections

6 (16%)

4 (31%)

2 (8%)

0.154

Gastrointestinal bleeding

8 (21%)

2 (16%)

6 (24%)

0.689

Pump thrombosis

2 (5%)

0 (0)

2 (8%)

0.538

Neurological events

7 (18%)

3 (23%)

4 (16%)

0.672