Cardiol Res

Cardiology Research, ISSN 1923-2829 print, 1923-2837 online, Open Access

Article copyright, the authors; Journal compilation copyright, Cardiol Res and Elmer Press Inc

Journal website https://www.cardiologyres.org

Original Article

Volume 14, Number 2, April 2023, pages 91-96

Association Between Major Adverse Cardiovascular Events and the Gensini Score or Coronary Artery Calcification Score in Hypertensive Patients Who Have Undergone Coronary Computed Tomography Angiography

**Table 1.** Patient Characteristics in All Patients, the Non-MACE and MACE
	All patients (n = 318)	Non-MACEs group (n = 286)	MACEs group (n = 32)	P value (non-MACEs vs. MACEs group)
Continuous variables are expressed as mean ± SD. MACE: major adverse cardiovascular event; BMI: body mass index; HTN: hypertension; SBP: systolic blood pressure; DBP: diastolic blood pressure; DM: diabetes mellitus; HbA1c: hemoglobin A1c; FBG: fasting blood glucose; DL: dyslipidemia; TG: triglyceride; HDL-C: high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-C: low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; L/H-C: a ratio of LDL-C to HDL-C; Non-HDL-C: total cholesterol minus HDL-C; CKD: chronic kidney disease; eGFR: estimated glomerular filtration rate; MetS: metabolic syndrome; CAD: coronary artery disease; VD: the number of vessel disease; CAC: coronary artery calcification.
Age, years	68 ± 10	67 ± 10	69 ± 9	0.381
Gender (male), %	50	48	69	0.028
Family history, %	25	26	22	0.242
Smoking, %	39	37	56	0.034
BMI, kg/m²	24 ± 4	24 ± 4	23 ± 4	0.179
HTN, %	100	100	100	1
SBP, mm Hg	140 ± 19	140 ± 19	144 ± 22	0.303
DBP, mm Hg	79 ± 13	79 ± 13	79 ± 14	0.97
DM, %	26	26	34	0.282
HbA1c, %	6.0 ± 1.1	6.0 ± 1.1	6.3 ± 1.2	0.101
FBG, mg/dL	111 ± 32	111 ± 32	115 ± 35	0.433
DL, %	70	70	72	0.82
TG, mg/dL	139 ± 90	139 ± 90	135 ± 96	0.796
HDL-C, mg/dL	54 ± 14	54 ± 14	50 ± 15	0.055
LDL-C, mg/dL	110 ± 31	110 ± 30	105 ± 35	0.377
L/H-C	2.2 ± 0.8	2.2 ± 0.8	2.4 ± 1.1	0.199
Non-HDL-C, mg/dL	140 ± 38	140 ± 37	133 ± 42	0.323
CKD, %	37	36	44	0.412
eGFR, mL/min/1.73 m²	66 ± 18	66 ± 18	63 ± 13	0.346
MetS, %	49	49	61	0.192
CAD, %	62	60	81	0.02
VD, n	1.2 ± 1.1	1.1 ± 1.1	1.7 ± 1.2	0.004
CAC score	300 ± 792	253 ± 660	720 ± 1489	0.002
Gensini score	14 ± 16	13 ± 14	26 ± 27	< 0.001

Table 1. Patient Characteristics in All Patients, the Non-MACE and MACE

All patients (n = 318)

Non-MACEs group (n = 286)

MACEs group (n = 32)

P value (non-MACEs vs. MACEs group)

Continuous variables are expressed as mean ± SD. MACE: major adverse cardiovascular event; BMI: body mass index; HTN: hypertension; SBP: systolic blood pressure; DBP: diastolic blood pressure; DM: diabetes mellitus; HbA1c: hemoglobin A1c; FBG: fasting blood glucose; DL: dyslipidemia; TG: triglyceride; HDL-C: high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-C: low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; L/H-C: a ratio of LDL-C to HDL-C; Non-HDL-C: total cholesterol minus HDL-C; CKD: chronic kidney disease; eGFR: estimated glomerular filtration rate; MetS: metabolic syndrome; CAD: coronary artery disease; VD: the number of vessel disease; CAC: coronary artery calcification.

Age, years

68 ± 10

67 ± 10

69 ± 9

0.381

Gender (male), %

0.028

Family history, %

0.242

Smoking, %

0.034

BMI, kg/m²

24 ± 4

23 ± 4

0.179

HTN, %

100

SBP, mm Hg

140 ± 19

144 ± 22

0.303

DBP, mm Hg

79 ± 13

79 ± 14

0.97

DM, %

0.282

HbA1c, %

6.0 ± 1.1

6.3 ± 1.2

0.101

FBG, mg/dL

111 ± 32

115 ± 35

0.433

DL, %

0.82

TG, mg/dL

139 ± 90

135 ± 96

0.796

HDL-C, mg/dL

54 ± 14

50 ± 15

0.055

LDL-C, mg/dL

110 ± 31

110 ± 30

105 ± 35

0.377

L/H-C

2.2 ± 0.8

2.4 ± 1.1

0.199

Non-HDL-C, mg/dL

140 ± 38

140 ± 37

133 ± 42

0.323

CKD, %

0.412

eGFR, mL/min/1.73 m²

66 ± 18

63 ± 13

0.346

MetS, %

0.192

CAD, %

0.02

VD, n

1.2 ± 1.1

1.1 ± 1.1

1.7 ± 1.2

0.004

CAC score

300 ± 792

253 ± 660

720 ± 1489

0.002

Gensini score

14 ± 16

13 ± 14

26 ± 27

< 0.001

**Table 2.** Medications in All Patients, the Non-MACE and MACE
Medications	All patients (n = 318)	Non-MACEs group (n = 286)	MACEs group (n = 32)	P value (non-MACEs vs. MACEs group)
Continuous variables are expressed as mean ± SD. MACE: major adverse cardiovascular event; ACEI/ARB: angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor/angiotensin II receptor blocker; CCB: calcium channel blocker; DU: diuretic; EPA: eicosapentaenoic acid; SU: sulfonylurea; DPP-4I: dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor.
ACEI/ARB, %	55	54	63	0.351
CCB, %	53	53	47	0.477
β-blocker, %	14	14	6	0.205
DU, %	14	14	16	0.844
Statin, %	42	42	44	0.816
Fibrate, %	1	0.4	6	0.001
Ezetimibe, %	1	1	0	0.501
EPA, %	3	2	3	0.817
SU, %	12	10	25	0.013
Biguanide, %	8	8	9	0.737
DPP-4I, %	14	13	19	0.396
Insulin, %	4	4	6	0.591

Table 2. Medications in All Patients, the Non-MACE and MACE

Medications

All patients (n = 318)

Non-MACEs group (n = 286)

MACEs group (n = 32)

P value (non-MACEs vs. MACEs group)

Continuous variables are expressed as mean ± SD. MACE: major adverse cardiovascular event; ACEI/ARB: angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor/angiotensin II receptor blocker; CCB: calcium channel blocker; DU: diuretic; EPA: eicosapentaenoic acid; SU: sulfonylurea; DPP-4I: dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor.

ACEI/ARB, %

0.351

CCB, %

0.477

β-blocker, %

0.205

DU, %

0.844

Statin, %

0.816

Fibrate, %

0.4

0.001

Ezetimibe, %

0.501

EPA, %

0.817

SU, %

0.013

Biguanide, %

0.737

DPP-4I, %

0.396

Insulin, %

0.591

**Table 3.** Predictors for the Presence of MACE
	OR (95% CI)	P value
By logistic regression analysis of CAC score and Gensini score in addition to conventional coronary risk factors except for hypertension: multivariate analysis related to the presence or absence of MACEs was performed. MACE: major adverse cardiovascular event; BMI: body mass index; DL: dyslipidemia; DM: diabetes mellitus; CKD: chronic kidney disease; MetS: metabolic syndrome; CAC: coronary artery calcification; OR: odds ratio; CI: confidence interval.
Age	1.006 (0.959 - 1.056)	0.792
Gender (males)	1.299 (0.452 - 3.730)	0.627
BMI	0.893 (0.777 - 1.026)	0.111
DL	0.460 (0.159 - 1.330)	0.152
DM	1.018 (0.400 - 2.589)	0.97
Smoking	1.594 (0.607 - 4.183)	0.344
Family history	0.929 (0.357 - 2.416)	0.88
CKD	1.080 (0.438 - 2.658)	0.868
MetS	2.720 (0.922 - 8.026)	0.07
CAC score	1.000 (1.000 - 1.001)	0.043
Gensini score	1.028 (1.007 - 1.050)	0.008

Table 3. Predictors for the Presence of MACE

OR (95% CI)

P value

By logistic regression analysis of CAC score and Gensini score in addition to conventional coronary risk factors except for hypertension: multivariate analysis related to the presence or absence of MACEs was performed. MACE: major adverse cardiovascular event; BMI: body mass index; DL: dyslipidemia; DM: diabetes mellitus; CKD: chronic kidney disease; MetS: metabolic syndrome; CAC: coronary artery calcification; OR: odds ratio; CI: confidence interval.

Age

1.006 (0.959 - 1.056)

0.792

Gender (males)

1.299 (0.452 - 3.730)

0.627

BMI

0.893 (0.777 - 1.026)

0.111

0.460 (0.159 - 1.330)

0.152

1.018 (0.400 - 2.589)

0.97

Smoking

1.594 (0.607 - 4.183)

0.344

Family history

0.929 (0.357 - 2.416)

0.88

CKD

1.080 (0.438 - 2.658)

0.868

MetS

2.720 (0.922 - 8.026)

0.07

CAC score

1.000 (1.000 - 1.001)

0.043

Gensini score

1.028 (1.007 - 1.050)

0.008