Cardiol Res

Cardiology Research, ISSN 1923-2829 print, 1923-2837 online, Open Access

Article copyright, the authors; Journal compilation copyright, Cardiol Res and Elmer Press Inc

Journal website https://www.cardiologyres.org

Original Article

Volume 14, Number 3, June 2023, pages 167-175

Preliminary Study on the Association of Serum Branched-Chain Amino Acids With Lipid and Hepatic Markers

Figure 1. The 25th, 50th, and 75th percentiles were used as cut-off points to stratify participants according to the plasma levels of individual BCAAs. HDL: high-density lipoprotein; BCAAs: branched-chain amino acids.

**Table 1.** Baseline Properties of the Study
Biomarker	Mean ± SD
SD: standard deviation; LDL: low-density lipoprotein.
Gender (n = 714)
Male	47.22 ± 16.88
Female	49.34 ± 16.59
Cardiac markers (mg/dL)
Cholesterol	182.5 ± 43.04
High-density lipoprotein	57.51 ± 17.29
Triglyceride	92.22 ± 61.68
Low-density lipoprotein	115.7 ± 38.75
Apolipoprotein A1	165.1 ± 37.4
Apolipoprotein B	92.19 ± 25.73
Lipoprotein (a)	37.45 ± 39.97
N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide	93.37 ± 238.5
Small dense LDL	28.49 ± 11.69
High-sensitivity C-reactive protein	2.436 ± 6.864
Homocysteine	9.655 ± 3.617
Oxidized LDL	44.44 ± 19.35
Myeloperoxidase	1102 ± 929.2
Lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2	163 ± 43.13
Hepatic markers (U/L)
Alanine transaminase (ALT)	26.05 ± 38.1
Aspartate transaminase (AST)	27.51 ± 38.04
Total bilirubin	0.5558 ± 0.318
Total protein	7.154 ± 0.5635
Albumin	4.686 ± 0.418
Alkaline phosphatase (ALK)	73.58 ± 32.23

Table 1. Baseline Properties of the Study

Biomarker

Mean ± SD

SD: standard deviation; LDL: low-density lipoprotein.

Gender (n = 714)

Male

47.22 ± 16.88

Female

49.34 ± 16.59

Cardiac markers (mg/dL)

Cholesterol

182.5 ± 43.04

High-density lipoprotein

57.51 ± 17.29

Triglyceride

92.22 ± 61.68

Low-density lipoprotein

115.7 ± 38.75

Apolipoprotein A1

165.1 ± 37.4

Apolipoprotein B

92.19 ± 25.73

Lipoprotein (a)

37.45 ± 39.97

N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide

93.37 ± 238.5

Small dense LDL

28.49 ± 11.69

High-sensitivity C-reactive protein

2.436 ± 6.864

Homocysteine

9.655 ± 3.617

Oxidized LDL

44.44 ± 19.35

Myeloperoxidase

1102 ± 929.2

Lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2

163 ± 43.13

Hepatic markers (U/L)

Alanine transaminase (ALT)

26.05 ± 38.1

Aspartate transaminase (AST)

27.51 ± 38.04

Total bilirubin

0.5558 ± 0.318

Total protein

7.154 ± 0.5635

Albumin

4.686 ± 0.418

Alkaline phosphatase (ALK)

73.58 ± 32.23

**Table 2.** Quartiles of Serum Levels of Isoleucine
	Isoleucine quartile range
^aP values among the T-BCAA quartiles were obtained using the analysis of variance or the Kruskal-Wallis test. LDL: low-density lipoprotein; T-BCAA: total BCAA.
N	179	178	178	178
Cholesterol	184.8 ± 40.9	182.8 ± 43.5	185.5 ± 44.5	177.1 ± 42.9	0.4425
High-density lipoprotein	60.96 ± 18.7	60.08 ± 17.0	57.09 ± 16.5	51.88 ± 15.4	< 0.0001
Triglyceride	88.0 ± 43.9	84.4 ± 43.6	89.5 ± 47.6	106.9 ± 94.2	0.0223
Low-density lipoprotein	118.8 ± 39.8	114.3 ± 39.1	116.9 ± 39.8	112.7 ± 36.1	0.7016
Apolipoprotein A1	168.2 ± 37.5	168.6 ± 38.9	166.9 ± 37.3	156.5 ± 34.6	0.0117
Apolipoprotein B	93.4 ± 26.1	90.8 ± 25.1	94.0 ± 27.2	90.4 ± 24.1	0.6524
Lipoprotein (a)	43.1 ± 44.3	36.1 ± 39.3	31.6 ± 34.5	39.1 ± 40.7	0.2088
N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide	94.27 ± 195.8	119.3 ± 385.5	145.5 ± 925.3	84.45 ± 176.7	0.0007
Small dense LDL	27.6 ± 12.0	27.5 ± 10.3	29.7 ± 12.4	28.9 ± 11.8	0.1163
High-sensitivity C-reactive protein	2.1 ± 4.6	3.5 ± 11.2	1.7 ± 4.0	2.3 ± 4.9	0.5935
Homocysteine	9.2 ± 3.4	9.3 ± 3.5	9.4 ± 2.9	10.5 ± 4.2	0.0007
Oxidized LDL	46.01 ± 21.6	42.9 ± 18.1	43.3 ± 19.5	45.4 ± 17.6	0.3754
Myeloperoxidase	1,041 ± 852.6	1,061 ± 903.4	1,139 ± 923.7	1,167 ± 1032	0.9008
Lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2	162.9 ± 45.9	160.6 ± 42.4	162.5 ± 43.5	165.9 ± 40.6	0.6616
Alanine transaminase (ALT)	25.8 ± 30.7	28.3 ± 66.3	22.4 ± 12.6	27.6 ± 17.2	0.0002
Aspartate transaminase (AST)	29.3 ± 52.9	28.0 ± 44.6	26.0 ± 28.9	26.5 ± 13.1	0.861
Total bilirubin	0.53 ± 0.26	0.57 ± 0.32	0.56 ± 0.35	0.55 ± 0.32	0.9263
Total protein	7.1 ± 0.52	7.1 ± 0.55	7.2 ± 0.63	7.0 ± 0.52	0.4228
Albumin	4.7 ± 0.4	4.6 ± 0.3	4.7 ± 0.4	4.6 ± 0.4	0.191
Alkaline phosphatase (ALK)	73.8 ± 26.6	69.7 ± 26.0	76.3 ± 34.3	74.4 ± 39.8	0.1666

Table 2. Quartiles of Serum Levels of Isoleucine

Isoleucine quartile range

Q1 (< 47)

Q2 (48 - 62)

Q3 (63 - 79)

Q4 (> 79)

P value^a

^aP values among the T-BCAA quartiles were obtained using the analysis of variance or the Kruskal-Wallis test. LDL: low-density lipoprotein; T-BCAA: total BCAA.

179

178

Cholesterol

184.8 ± 40.9

182.8 ± 43.5

185.5 ± 44.5

177.1 ± 42.9

0.4425

High-density lipoprotein

60.96 ± 18.7

60.08 ± 17.0

57.09 ± 16.5

51.88 ± 15.4

< 0.0001

Triglyceride

88.0 ± 43.9

84.4 ± 43.6

89.5 ± 47.6

106.9 ± 94.2

0.0223

Low-density lipoprotein

118.8 ± 39.8

114.3 ± 39.1

116.9 ± 39.8

112.7 ± 36.1

0.7016

Apolipoprotein A1

168.2 ± 37.5

168.6 ± 38.9

166.9 ± 37.3

156.5 ± 34.6

0.0117

Apolipoprotein B

93.4 ± 26.1

90.8 ± 25.1

94.0 ± 27.2

90.4 ± 24.1

0.6524

Lipoprotein (a)

43.1 ± 44.3

36.1 ± 39.3

31.6 ± 34.5

39.1 ± 40.7

0.2088

N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide

94.27 ± 195.8

119.3 ± 385.5

145.5 ± 925.3

84.45 ± 176.7

0.0007

Small dense LDL

27.6 ± 12.0

27.5 ± 10.3

29.7 ± 12.4

28.9 ± 11.8

0.1163

High-sensitivity C-reactive protein

2.1 ± 4.6

3.5 ± 11.2

1.7 ± 4.0

2.3 ± 4.9

0.5935

Homocysteine

9.2 ± 3.4

9.3 ± 3.5

9.4 ± 2.9

10.5 ± 4.2

0.0007

Oxidized LDL

46.01 ± 21.6

42.9 ± 18.1

43.3 ± 19.5

45.4 ± 17.6

0.3754

Myeloperoxidase

1,041 ± 852.6

1,061 ± 903.4

1,139 ± 923.7

1,167 ± 1032

0.9008

Lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2

162.9 ± 45.9

160.6 ± 42.4

162.5 ± 43.5

165.9 ± 40.6

0.6616

Alanine transaminase (ALT)

25.8 ± 30.7

28.3 ± 66.3

22.4 ± 12.6

27.6 ± 17.2

0.0002

Aspartate transaminase (AST)

29.3 ± 52.9

28.0 ± 44.6

26.0 ± 28.9

26.5 ± 13.1

0.861

Total bilirubin

0.53 ± 0.26

0.57 ± 0.32

0.56 ± 0.35

0.55 ± 0.32

0.9263

Total protein

7.1 ± 0.52

7.1 ± 0.55

7.2 ± 0.63

7.0 ± 0.52

0.4228

Albumin

4.7 ± 0.4

4.6 ± 0.3

4.7 ± 0.4

4.6 ± 0.4

0.191

Alkaline phosphatase (ALK)

73.8 ± 26.6

69.7 ± 26.0

76.3 ± 34.3

74.4 ± 39.8

0.1666

**Table 3.** Quartiles of Serum Levels of Leucine
	Leucine quartile range
^aP values among the T-BCAA quartiles were obtained using the analysis of variance or the Kruskal-Wallis test. LDL: low-density lipoprotein; T-BCAA: total BCAA.
N	179	178	178	178
Cholesterol	182.2 ± 39.6	183.8 ± 42.5	189.5 ± 47.2	174.8 ± 41.4	0.0161
High-density lipoprotein	62.9 ± 17.8	58.3 ± 17.1	57.3 ± 17.1	51.45 ± 16.5	< 0.0001
Triglyceride	83.78 ± 41.9	86.21 ± 41.9	90.34 ± 51.6	108.6 ± 93.3	0.0012
Low-density lipoprotein	109.6 ± 35.3	117.4 ± 40.1	122.8 ± 41.0	113.1 ± 37.3	0.0086
Apolipoprotein A1	176.5 ± 38.1	167.7 ± 34.3	163.3 ± 37.0	152.7 ± 36.2	< 0.0001
Apolipoprotein B	87.6 ± 23.0	92.9 ± 25.9	96.5 ± 27.8	91.6 ± 25.2	0.0151
Lipoprotein (a)	32.6 ± 32.7	42.8 ± 43.3	42.2 ± 47.8	32.0 ± 33.1	0.0849
N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide	121.1 ± 352.8	80.81 ± 112.2	106.4 ± 273.2	137.5 ± 946.7	< 0.0001
Small dense LDL	25.7 ± 9.4	28.02 ± 11.4	30.59 ± 13.2	29.57 ± 11.8	0.0004
High-sensitivity C-reactive protein	2.1 ± 4.8	2.3 ± 6.6	2.8 ± 9.9	2.3 ± 4.8	0.4858
Homocysteine	8.9 ± 3.2	10.0 ± 4.2	9.4 ± 3.2	10.1 ± 3.5	0.0003
Oxidized LDL	45.6 ± 19.5	43.1 ± 19.7	43.2 ± 19.0	45.8 ± 19.1	0.3837
Myeloperoxidase	1,113 ± 953.9	1,016 ± 819.9	1,063 ± 897.3	1,217 ± 1031	0.3047
Lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2	149.9 ± 41.8	164.7 ± 41.1	170.7 ± 43.9	166.7 ± 42.9	< 0.0001
Alanine transaminase (ALT)	22.4 ± 19.4	23.2 ± 11.6	26.6 ± 29.0	31.8 ± 66.3	< 0.0001
Aspartate transaminase (AST)	24.6 ± 16.2	25 ± 9.2	30.5 ± 58.6	29.7 ± 44.7	0.0233
Total bilirubin	0.50 ± 0.27	0.54 ± 0.26	0.58 ± 0.31	0.59 ± 0.39	0.0209
Total protein	7.06 ± 0.51	7.1 ± 0.51	7.1 ± 0.52	7.2 ± 0.67	0.1506
Albumin	4.6 ± 0.37	4.6 ± 0.33	4.6 ± 0.42	4.7 ± 0.51	0.1036
Alkaline phosphatase (ALK)	73.17 ± 36.0	75.24 ± 36.6	71.37 ± 24.1	74.54 ± 30.5	0.2264

Table 3. Quartiles of Serum Levels of Leucine

Leucine quartile range

Q1 (< 137)

Q2 (138 - 157)

Q3 (158 - 186)

Q4 (> 186)

P value^a

^aP values among the T-BCAA quartiles were obtained using the analysis of variance or the Kruskal-Wallis test. LDL: low-density lipoprotein; T-BCAA: total BCAA.

179

178

Cholesterol

182.2 ± 39.6

183.8 ± 42.5

189.5 ± 47.2

174.8 ± 41.4

0.0161

High-density lipoprotein

62.9 ± 17.8

58.3 ± 17.1

57.3 ± 17.1

51.45 ± 16.5

< 0.0001

Triglyceride

83.78 ± 41.9

86.21 ± 41.9

90.34 ± 51.6

108.6 ± 93.3

0.0012

Low-density lipoprotein

109.6 ± 35.3

117.4 ± 40.1

122.8 ± 41.0

113.1 ± 37.3

0.0086

Apolipoprotein A1

176.5 ± 38.1

167.7 ± 34.3

163.3 ± 37.0

152.7 ± 36.2

< 0.0001

Apolipoprotein B

87.6 ± 23.0

92.9 ± 25.9

96.5 ± 27.8

91.6 ± 25.2

0.0151

Lipoprotein (a)

32.6 ± 32.7

42.8 ± 43.3

42.2 ± 47.8

32.0 ± 33.1

0.0849

N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide

121.1 ± 352.8

80.81 ± 112.2

106.4 ± 273.2

137.5 ± 946.7

< 0.0001

Small dense LDL

25.7 ± 9.4

28.02 ± 11.4

30.59 ± 13.2

29.57 ± 11.8

0.0004

High-sensitivity C-reactive protein

2.1 ± 4.8

2.3 ± 6.6

2.8 ± 9.9

2.3 ± 4.8

0.4858

Homocysteine

8.9 ± 3.2

10.0 ± 4.2

9.4 ± 3.2

10.1 ± 3.5

0.0003

Oxidized LDL

45.6 ± 19.5

43.1 ± 19.7

43.2 ± 19.0

45.8 ± 19.1

0.3837

Myeloperoxidase

1,113 ± 953.9

1,016 ± 819.9

1,063 ± 897.3

1,217 ± 1031

0.3047

Lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2

149.9 ± 41.8

164.7 ± 41.1

170.7 ± 43.9

166.7 ± 42.9

< 0.0001

Alanine transaminase (ALT)

22.4 ± 19.4

23.2 ± 11.6

26.6 ± 29.0

31.8 ± 66.3

< 0.0001

Aspartate transaminase (AST)

24.6 ± 16.2

25 ± 9.2

30.5 ± 58.6

29.7 ± 44.7

0.0233

Total bilirubin

0.50 ± 0.27

0.54 ± 0.26

0.58 ± 0.31

0.59 ± 0.39

0.0209

Total protein

7.06 ± 0.51

7.1 ± 0.51

7.1 ± 0.52

7.2 ± 0.67

0.1506

Albumin

4.6 ± 0.37

4.6 ± 0.33

4.6 ± 0.42

4.7 ± 0.51

0.1036

Alkaline phosphatase (ALK)

73.17 ± 36.0

75.24 ± 36.6

71.37 ± 24.1

74.54 ± 30.5

0.2264

**Table 4.** Quartiles of Serum Levels of Valine
	Valine quartile range
^aP values among the T-BCAA quartiles were obtained using the analysis of variance or the Kruskal-Wallis test. LDL: low-density lipoprotein; T-BCAA: total BCAA.
N	179	178	176	180
Cholesterol	184.7 ± 43.7	182.8 ± 38.9	183.7 ± 44.0	179 ± 45.2	0.5521
High-density lipoprotein	62.77 ± 19.33	58.72 ± 17.3	55.38 ± 15.93	53.16 ± 14.85	< 0.0001
Triglyceride	83.69 ± 34.08	91.68 ± 51.51	90.65 ± 52.99	102.8 ± 91.31	0.0656
Low-density lipoprotein	112.2 ± 39.3	115.6 ± 36.5	119.6 ± 39.0	115.5 ± 39.8	0.1488
Apolipoprotein A1	174.7 ± 41.9	167.4 ± 37.1	160.3 ± 34.2	157.8 ± 33.4	< 0.0001
Apolipoprotein B	89.44 ± 25.5	91.88 ± 25.0	94.49 ± 25.8	92.99 ± 26.3	0.1266
Lipoprotein (a)	37.07 ± 39.2	37.53 ± 39.7	35.98 ± 37.7	39.27 ± 43.4	0.988
N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide	109.6 ± 338.2	96.8 ± 210.7	68.01 ± 93.8	168.2 ± 945.2	0.0139
Small dense LDL	27.1 ± 11.3	28.2 ± 11.2	29.7 ± 12.9	28.7 ± 11.1	0.1352
High-sensitivity C-reactive protein	3.1 ± 10.1	2.1 ± 5.0	1.9 ± 4.3	2.4 ± 6.2	0.1159
Homocysteine	9.13 ± 3.2	10.05 ± 4.0	9.5 ± 3.2	9.8 ± 3.8	0.0443
Oxidized LDL	47.02 ± 21.2	40.5 ± 18.3	46.7 ± 19.1	43.67 ± 18.0	0.008
Myeloperoxidase	1,085 ± 836.8	1,179 ± 1,083	1,123 ± 983.3	1,025 ± 796.1	0.94
Lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2	152.9 ± 43.5	165.1 ± 43.5	167.9 ± 40.9	166 ± 43.1	0.0056
Alanine transaminase (ALT)	20.74 ± 14.4	27.46 ± 29.3	30.02 ± 66.3	26.06 ± 19.1	< 0.0001
Aspartate transaminase (AST)	24.03 ± 14.0	29.95 ± 51.8	28.68 ± 44.7	27.4 ± 30.1	0.0293
Total bilirubin	0.51 ± 0.26	0.55 ± 0.28	0.58 ± 0.36	0.56 ± 0.3	0.2668
Total protein	7.09 ± 0.56	7.2 ± 0.51	7.1 ± 0.55	7.1 ± 0.61	0.0795
Albumin	4.5 ± 0.44	4.75 ± 0.38	4.68 ± 0.33	4.71 ± 0.48	0.0162
Alkaline phosphatase (ALK)	72.22 ± 27.3	72.35 ± 31.9	78.74 ± 42.6	71.08 ± 23.7	0.3241

Table 4. Quartiles of Serum Levels of Valine

Valine quartile range

Q1 (< 207)

Q2 (207 - 243)

Q3 (243 - 285)

Q4 (> 285)

P value^a

^aP values among the T-BCAA quartiles were obtained using the analysis of variance or the Kruskal-Wallis test. LDL: low-density lipoprotein; T-BCAA: total BCAA.

179

178

176

180

Cholesterol

184.7 ± 43.7

182.8 ± 38.9

183.7 ± 44.0

179 ± 45.2

0.5521

High-density lipoprotein

62.77 ± 19.33

58.72 ± 17.3

55.38 ± 15.93

53.16 ± 14.85

< 0.0001

Triglyceride

83.69 ± 34.08

91.68 ± 51.51

90.65 ± 52.99

102.8 ± 91.31

0.0656

Low-density lipoprotein

112.2 ± 39.3

115.6 ± 36.5

119.6 ± 39.0

115.5 ± 39.8

0.1488

Apolipoprotein A1

174.7 ± 41.9

167.4 ± 37.1

160.3 ± 34.2

157.8 ± 33.4

< 0.0001

Apolipoprotein B

89.44 ± 25.5

91.88 ± 25.0

94.49 ± 25.8

92.99 ± 26.3

0.1266

Lipoprotein (a)

37.07 ± 39.2

37.53 ± 39.7

35.98 ± 37.7

39.27 ± 43.4

0.988

N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide

109.6 ± 338.2

96.8 ± 210.7

68.01 ± 93.8

168.2 ± 945.2

0.0139

Small dense LDL

27.1 ± 11.3

28.2 ± 11.2

29.7 ± 12.9

28.7 ± 11.1

0.1352

High-sensitivity C-reactive protein

3.1 ± 10.1

2.1 ± 5.0

1.9 ± 4.3

2.4 ± 6.2

0.1159

Homocysteine

9.13 ± 3.2

10.05 ± 4.0

9.5 ± 3.2

9.8 ± 3.8

0.0443

Oxidized LDL

47.02 ± 21.2

40.5 ± 18.3

46.7 ± 19.1

43.67 ± 18.0

0.008

Myeloperoxidase

1,085 ± 836.8

1,179 ± 1,083

1,123 ± 983.3

1,025 ± 796.1

0.94

Lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2

152.9 ± 43.5

165.1 ± 43.5

167.9 ± 40.9

166 ± 43.1

0.0056

Alanine transaminase (ALT)

20.74 ± 14.4

27.46 ± 29.3

30.02 ± 66.3

26.06 ± 19.1

< 0.0001

Aspartate transaminase (AST)

24.03 ± 14.0

29.95 ± 51.8

28.68 ± 44.7

27.4 ± 30.1

0.0293

Total bilirubin

0.51 ± 0.26

0.55 ± 0.28

0.58 ± 0.36

0.56 ± 0.3

0.2668

Total protein

7.09 ± 0.56

7.2 ± 0.51

7.1 ± 0.55

7.1 ± 0.61

0.0795

Albumin

4.5 ± 0.44

4.75 ± 0.38

4.68 ± 0.33

4.71 ± 0.48

0.0162

Alkaline phosphatase (ALK)

72.22 ± 27.3

72.35 ± 31.9

78.74 ± 42.6

71.08 ± 23.7

0.3241

**Table 5.** Pearson Correlation of BCAA With Vital Cardio and Hepatic Biomarkers
	Isoleucine	Leucine	Valine
BCAA: branched-chain amino acid; LDL: low-density lipoprotein.
Cholesterol	-0.07	0.05	-0.06	0.10	-0.04	0.27
High-density lipoprotein	-0.22	< 0.0001	-0.24	< 0.0001	-0.19	< 0.0001
Triglyceride	0.15	< 0.0001	0.16	< 0.0001	0.10	0.01
Low-density lipoprotein	-0.05	0.23	0.03	0.36	0.03	0.40
Apolipoprotein A1	-0.13	0.00	-0.23	< 0.0001	-0.16	< 0.0001
Apolipoprotein B	-0.03	0.45	0.06	0.13	0.04	0.29
Lipoprotein (a)	-0.04	0.33	-0.03	0.49	0.02	0.72
N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide	-0.02	0.62	0.03	0.39	0.08	0.03
Small dense LDL	0.05	0.22	0.14	0.00	0.05	0.21
High-sensitivity C-reactive protein	-0.01	0.85	-0.02	0.62	-0.02	0.64
Homocysteine	0.10	0.01	0.09	0.02	0.07	0.08
Oxidized LDL	0.01	0.79	-0.01	0.85	-0.03	0.42
Myeloperoxidase	0.03	0.40	0.06	0.14	-0.03	0.39
Lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2	0.01	0.82	0.12	0.00	0.10	0.01
Alanine transaminase (ALT)	0.00	0.94	0.08	0.03	0.04	0.26
Aspartate transaminase (AST)	-0.03	0.49	0.05	0.21	0.01	0.79
Total bilirubin	0.00	0.91	0.11	0.00	0.07	0.06
Total protein	-0.02	0.68	0.09	0.01	0.05	0.17
Albumin	-0.07	0.07	0.12	0.00	0.08	0.03
Alkaline phosphatase (ALK)	0.03	0.45	0.02	0.66	0.02	0.67

Table 5. Pearson Correlation of BCAA With Vital Cardio and Hepatic Biomarkers

Isoleucine

Leucine

Valine

P (two-tailed)

BCAA: branched-chain amino acid; LDL: low-density lipoprotein.

Cholesterol

-0.07

0.05

-0.06

0.10

-0.04

0.27

High-density lipoprotein

-0.22

< 0.0001

-0.24

< 0.0001

-0.19

< 0.0001

Triglyceride

0.15

< 0.0001

0.16

< 0.0001

0.10

0.01

Low-density lipoprotein

-0.05

0.23

0.03

0.36

0.03

0.40

Apolipoprotein A1

-0.13

0.00

-0.23

< 0.0001

-0.16

< 0.0001

Apolipoprotein B

-0.03

0.45

0.06

0.13

0.04

0.29

Lipoprotein (a)

-0.04

0.33

-0.03

0.49

0.02

0.72

N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide

-0.02

0.62

0.03

0.39

0.08

0.03

Small dense LDL

0.05

0.22

0.14

0.00

0.05

0.21

High-sensitivity C-reactive protein

-0.01

0.85

-0.02

0.62

-0.02

0.64

Homocysteine

0.10

0.01

0.09

0.02

0.07

0.08

Oxidized LDL

0.01

0.79

-0.01

0.85

-0.03

0.42

Myeloperoxidase

0.03

0.40

0.06

0.14

-0.03

0.39

Lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2

0.01

0.82

0.12

0.00

0.10

0.01

Alanine transaminase (ALT)

0.00

0.94

0.08

0.03

0.04

0.26

Aspartate transaminase (AST)

-0.03

0.49

0.05

0.21

0.01

0.79

Total bilirubin

0.00

0.91

0.11

0.00

0.07

0.06

Total protein

-0.02

0.68

0.09

0.01

0.05

0.17

Albumin

-0.07

0.07

0.12

0.00

0.08

0.03

Alkaline phosphatase (ALK)

0.03

0.45

0.02

0.66

0.02

0.67