Cardiol Res

Cardiology Research, ISSN 1923-2829 print, 1923-2837 online, Open Access

Article copyright, the authors; Journal compilation copyright, Cardiol Res and Elmer Press Inc

Journal website https://www.cardiologyres.org

Original Article

Volume 14, Number 3, June 2023, pages 192-200

Bradycardia and Outcomes in COVID-19 Patients on Remdesivir: A Multicenter Retrospective Study

**Table 1.** Descriptive Statistics of Continuous Variables
	N	Minimum	Maximum	Mean	Standard deviation
BMI: body mass index.
Length of stay	2,935	1	117.0	10.62	11.26
Age	2,935	19	110.0	61.46	18.36
White blood cell count	2,873	1.8	80.7	14.58	8.52
Potassium	2,266	2.70	10.5	4.66	0.85
Platelet	2,877	21	1,176.0	329.84	142.79
Creatinine phosphokinase	1,184	0.04	88,961.0	715.52	4,262.21
Troponin	1,788	0.01	32.8	0.49	2.41
Ferritin	1,836	5.1	47,560.8	916.14	1,861.28
Lactate dehydrogenase	1,967	55	8,180.0	447.40	464.92
C-reactive protein	2,375	0.04	54.4	13.80	9.55
BMI	2,814	13.98	83.1	30.05	8.37

Table 1. Descriptive Statistics of Continuous Variables

Minimum

Maximum

Mean

Standard deviation

BMI: body mass index.

Length of stay

2,935

117.0

10.62

11.26

Age

2,935

110.0

61.46

18.36

White blood cell count

2,873

1.8

80.7

14.58

8.52

Potassium

2,266

2.70

10.5

4.66

0.85

Platelet

2,877

1,176.0

329.84

142.79

Creatinine phosphokinase

1,184

0.04

88,961.0

715.52

4,262.21

Troponin

1,788

0.01

32.8

0.49

2.41

Ferritin

1,836

5.1

47,560.8

916.14

1,861.28

Lactate dehydrogenase

1,967

8,180.0

447.40

464.92

C-reactive protein

2,375

0.04

54.4

13.80

9.55

BMI

2,814

13.98

83.1

30.05

8.37

**Table 2.** Descriptive Analysis of Categorical Variable
	Frequency	Percent
Gender
Female	1,279	43.6%
Male	1,656	56.4%
Race
Asian	165	5.6%
Black	108	3.7%
White	1,676	57.1%
Others	985	33.6%
Expired
No	2,282	77.8%
Yes	653	22.2%
Ventilator use
No	2,399	81.7%
Yes	536	18.3%
Intensive care unit admission
No	2,392	81.5%
Yes	542	18.5%
Remdesivir use
No	1,606	56.2%
Yes	1254	43.8%
Dexamethasone use
No	1,107	37.7%
Yes	1,828	63.3%
Diabetes mellitus
No	2,373	80.9%
Yes	562	19.1%
Hypertension
No	1,743	59.4%
Yes	1,192	40.6%
Chronic kidney disease
No	2,348	80.2%
Yes	579	19.8%
Acute kidney injury
No	2,678	91.2%
Yes	257	8.8%
Congestive heart failure
No	2,530	86.2%
Yes	405	13.8%
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
No	2,789	95.0%
Yes	146	5.0%
Bradycardia
No	1,367	47.8%
Yes	1,493	52.2%

Table 2. Descriptive Analysis of Categorical Variable

Frequency

Percent

Gender

Female

1,279

43.6%

Male

1,656

56.4%

Race

Asian

165

5.6%

Black

108

3.7%

White

1,676

57.1%

Others

985

33.6%

Expired

2,282

77.8%

Yes

653

22.2%

Ventilator use

2,399

81.7%

Yes

536

18.3%

Intensive care unit admission

2,392

81.5%

Yes

542

18.5%

Remdesivir use

1,606

56.2%

Yes

1254

43.8%

Dexamethasone use

1,107

37.7%

Yes

1,828

63.3%

Diabetes mellitus

2,373

80.9%

Yes

562

19.1%

Hypertension

1,743

59.4%

Yes

1,192

40.6%

Chronic kidney disease

2,348

80.2%

Yes

579

19.8%

Acute kidney injury

2,678

91.2%

Yes

257

8.8%

Congestive heart failure

2,530

86.2%

Yes

405

13.8%

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

2,789

95.0%

Yes

146

5.0%

Bradycardia

1,367

47.8%

Yes

1,493

52.2%

**Table 3.** Bivariate Analysis (t-Test) of the Relationship Between Continuous Variables and Remdesivir Use in All Patients
	Remdesivir	N	Mean	Std	P value
BMI: body mass index; Std: standard deviation.
Length of stay	No	1,606	8.31	10.41	< 0.001
	Yes	1,254	13.71	11.72
Age	No	1,606	60.09	19.79	< 0.001
	Yes	1,254	62.96	16.09
BMI	No	1,515	29.32	8.13	< 0.001
	Yes	1,225	30.99	8.59
C-reactive protein	No	1,128	11.81	9.57	< 0.001
	Yes	1,180	15.89	9.24
Lactate dehydrogenase	No	908	391.97	472.65	< 0.001
	Yes	1,007	499.76	461.49
Ferritin	No	910	866.36	1,764.42	0.45
	Yes	901	931.70	1,877.01
Troponin	No	853	0.44	2.17	0.42
	Yes	883	0.53	2.61
Creatinine phosphokinase	No	614	776.99	4,246.95	0.74
	Yes	511	689.08	4,510.65
Platelet	No	1,565	300.47	138.12	< 0.001
	Yes	1,249	367.57	138.40
White blood cell count	No	1,566	12.52	7.42	< 0.001
	Yes	1,249	17.10	8.88
Potassium	No	1,228	4.55	0.81	< 0.001
	Yes	972	4.79	0.83
Total bilirubin	No	1,463	0.90	1.27	0.08
	Yes	1,238	0.97	0.97
Minimum heart rate during hospitalization	No	1,461	60.10	13.77	< 0.001
	Yes	1,113	52.87	12.62

Table 3. Bivariate Analysis (t-Test) of the Relationship Between Continuous Variables and Remdesivir Use in All Patients

Remdesivir

Mean

Std

P value

BMI: body mass index; Std: standard deviation.

Length of stay

1,606

8.31

10.41

< 0.001

Yes

1,254

13.71

11.72

Age

1,606

60.09

19.79

< 0.001

Yes

1,254

62.96

16.09

BMI

1,515

29.32

8.13

< 0.001

Yes

1,225

30.99

8.59

C-reactive protein

1,128

11.81

9.57

< 0.001

Yes

1,180

15.89

9.24

Lactate dehydrogenase

908

391.97

472.65

< 0.001

Yes

1,007

499.76

461.49

Ferritin

910

866.36

1,764.42

0.45

Yes

901

931.70

1,877.01

Troponin

853

0.44

2.17

0.42

Yes

883

0.53

2.61

Creatinine phosphokinase

614

776.99

4,246.95

0.74

Yes

511

689.08

4,510.65

Platelet

1,565

300.47

138.12

< 0.001

Yes

1,249

367.57

138.40

White blood cell count

1,566

12.52

7.42

< 0.001

Yes

1,249

17.10

8.88

Potassium

1,228

4.55

0.81

< 0.001

Yes

972

4.79

0.83

Total bilirubin

1,463

0.90

1.27

0.08

Yes

1,238

0.97

Minimum heart rate during hospitalization

1,461

60.10

13.77

< 0.001

Yes

1,113

52.87

12.62

**Table 4.** Chi-Square Bivariate Analysis of the Relationship Between Categorical Variables and Use of Remdesivir for All Patients
Variable	Remdesivir	P value
Gender
Male	857 (53.1%)	758 (46.9%)	< 0.001
Female	749 (60.2%)	496 (39.8%)
Race
Asia	78 (47.9%)	85 (52.1%)	< 0.001
Black	74 (71.8%)	29 (28.2%)
White	933 (57.7%)	683 (42.3%)
Others	521 (53.3%)	457 (46.7%)
Expired
Yes	277 (43.1%)	365 (56.9%)	< 0.001
No	1,329 (59.9%)	889 (40.1%)
Ventilator use
Yes	231 (43.9%)	295 (56.1%)	< 0.001
No	1375 (58.9%)	959 (41.1%)
Intensive care unit admission
Yes	214 (40.9%)	309 (59.1%)	< 0.001
No	1,391 (59.5%)	945 (40.5%)
Diabetes mellitus
Yes	285 (52.9%)	254 (47.1%)	0.09
No	1,321 (56.9%)	1,000 (43.1%)
Hypertension
Yes	606 (53.2%)	533 (46.8%)	0.01
No	1,000 (58.1%)	721 (41.9%)
Chronic kidney disease
Yes	339 (59.2%)	234 (40.8%)	0.1
No	1,262 (55.4%)	1,017 (44.6%)
Acute kidney injury
Yes	138 (59.2%)	95 (40.8%)	0.32
No	1,468 (55.9%)	1,159 (44.1%)
Congestive heart failure
Yes	237 (60.3%)	156 (39.7%)	0.07
No	1,369 (55.5%)	1,098 (44.5%)
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
Yes	67 (69.8%)	29 (30.2%)	0.006
No	1,539 (55.7%)	1,225 (44.3%)
Bradycardia
Yes	692 (46.3%)	801 (53.7%)	< 0.001
No	914 (66.9%)	453 (33.1%)

Table 4. Chi-Square Bivariate Analysis of the Relationship Between Categorical Variables and Use of Remdesivir for All Patients

Variable

Remdesivir

P value

Yes

Gender

Male

857 (53.1%)

758 (46.9%)

< 0.001

Female

749 (60.2%)

496 (39.8%)

Race

Asia

78 (47.9%)

85 (52.1%)

< 0.001

Black

74 (71.8%)

29 (28.2%)

White

933 (57.7%)

683 (42.3%)

Others

521 (53.3%)

457 (46.7%)

Expired

Yes

277 (43.1%)

365 (56.9%)

< 0.001

1,329 (59.9%)

889 (40.1%)

Ventilator use

Yes

231 (43.9%)

295 (56.1%)

< 0.001

1375 (58.9%)

959 (41.1%)

Intensive care unit admission

Yes

214 (40.9%)

309 (59.1%)

< 0.001

1,391 (59.5%)

945 (40.5%)

Diabetes mellitus

Yes

285 (52.9%)

254 (47.1%)

0.09

1,321 (56.9%)

1,000 (43.1%)

Hypertension

Yes

606 (53.2%)

533 (46.8%)

0.01

1,000 (58.1%)

721 (41.9%)

Chronic kidney disease

Yes

339 (59.2%)

234 (40.8%)

0.1

1,262 (55.4%)

1,017 (44.6%)

Acute kidney injury

Yes

138 (59.2%)

95 (40.8%)

0.32

1,468 (55.9%)

1,159 (44.1%)

Congestive heart failure

Yes

237 (60.3%)

156 (39.7%)

0.07

1,369 (55.5%)

1,098 (44.5%)

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

Yes

67 (69.8%)

29 (30.2%)

0.006

1,539 (55.7%)

1,225 (44.3%)

Bradycardia

Yes

692 (46.3%)

801 (53.7%)

< 0.001

914 (66.9%)

453 (33.1%)

**Table 5.** Chi-Square Bivariate Analysis of the Relationship Between Categorical Variables and Bradycardia in Patients That Received Remdesivir
Variable	Bradycardia	P value
Gender
Male	261 (34.4%)	497 (65.6%)	0.123
Female	192 (38.7%)	304 (61.3%)
Expired
Yes	133 (36.4%)	232 (63.6%)	0.882
No	320 (36.0%)	569 (64.0%)
Ventilator
Yes	97 (32.9%)	198 (67.1%)	0.185
No	356 (37.1%)	603 (62.9%)
Intensive care unit admission
Yes	105 (34.0%)	204 (66.0%)	0.366
No	348 (36.8%)	597 (63.2%)
Dexamethasone use
Yes	403 (35.4%)	739 (64.6%)	0.085
No	50 (43.5%)	65 (56.5%)
Chronic kidney disease
Yes	73 (31.2%)	161 (68.8%)	0.081
No	379 (37.3%)	638 (62.7%)
Congestive heart failure
Yes	68 (43.6%)	88 (56.4%)	0.038
No	385 (35.1%)	713 (64.9%)
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
Yes	19 (65.5%)	10 (34.5%)	0.001
No	434 (35.4%)	791 (64.6%)

Table 5. Chi-Square Bivariate Analysis of the Relationship Between Categorical Variables and Bradycardia in Patients That Received Remdesivir

Variable

Bradycardia

P value

Yes

Gender

Male

261 (34.4%)

497 (65.6%)

0.123

Female

192 (38.7%)

304 (61.3%)

Expired

Yes

133 (36.4%)

232 (63.6%)

0.882

320 (36.0%)

569 (64.0%)

Ventilator

Yes

97 (32.9%)

198 (67.1%)

0.185

356 (37.1%)

603 (62.9%)

Intensive care unit admission

Yes

105 (34.0%)

204 (66.0%)

0.366

348 (36.8%)

597 (63.2%)

Dexamethasone use

Yes

403 (35.4%)

739 (64.6%)

0.085

50 (43.5%)

65 (56.5%)

Chronic kidney disease

Yes

73 (31.2%)

161 (68.8%)

0.081

379 (37.3%)

638 (62.7%)

Congestive heart failure

Yes

68 (43.6%)

88 (56.4%)

0.038

385 (35.1%)

713 (64.9%)

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

Yes

19 (65.5%)

10 (34.5%)

0.001

434 (35.4%)

791 (64.6%)

**Table 6.** Logistic Regression on Remdesivir Use
	B	SE	Wald	df	Sig.	Exp(B)	95% CI for EXP(B)
CI: confidence interval; SE: standard error.
Length of stay	0.017	0.005	9.567	1	0.002	1.017	1.006	1.028
Ventilator	-0.637	0.160	15.917	1	0.000	0.529	0.387	0.723
C-reactive protein	0.029	0.006	21.663	1	0.000	1.029	1.017	1.042
Lactate dehydrogenase	0.000	0.000	3.188	1	0.074	1.000	1.000	1.001
White blood cell count	0.055	0.008	45.407	1	0.000	1.056	1.040	1.073
Bradycardia	0.639	0.101	40.390	1	0.000	1.895	1.556	2.309

Table 6. Logistic Regression on Remdesivir Use

Wald

Sig.

Exp(B)

95% CI for EXP(B)

Lower

Upper

CI: confidence interval; SE: standard error.

Length of stay

0.017

0.005

9.567

0.002

1.017

1.006

1.028

Ventilator

-0.637

0.160

15.917

0.000

0.529

0.387

0.723

C-reactive protein

0.029

0.006

21.663

0.000

1.029

1.017

1.042

Lactate dehydrogenase

0.000

3.188

0.074

1.000

1.001

White blood cell count

0.055

0.008

45.407

0.000

1.056

1.040

1.073

Bradycardia

0.639

0.101

40.390

0.000

1.895

1.556

2.309

**Table 7.** Cox Regression for Only Patients on Remdesivir
	B	SE	Wald	df	Sig.	Exp(B)	950% CI for Exp(B)
CI: confidence interval; ICU: intensive care unit; SE: standard error.
Age	0.027	0.005	31.906	1	0.000	1.027	1.018	1.037
ICU	1.536	0.180	73.230	1	0.000	4.647	3.269	6.607
Bradycardia	-0.376	0.120	9.724	1	0.002	0.687	0.542	0.870
Lactate dehydrogenase	0.000	0.000	3.507	1	0.061	1.000	1.000	1.000

Table 7. Cox Regression for Only Patients on Remdesivir

Wald

Sig.

Exp(B)

950% CI for Exp(B)

Lower

Upper

CI: confidence interval; ICU: intensive care unit; SE: standard error.

Age

0.027

0.005

31.906

0.000

1.027

1.018

1.037

ICU

1.536

0.180

73.230

0.000

4.647

3.269

6.607

Bradycardia

-0.376

0.120

9.724

0.002

0.687

0.542

0.870

Lactate dehydrogenase

0.000

3.507

0.061

1.000