Cardiology Research, ISSN 1923-2829 print, 1923-2837 online, Open Access
Article copyright, the authors; Journal compilation copyright, Cardiol Res and Elmer Press Inc
Journal website https://www.cardiologyres.org

Original Article

Volume 14, Number 5, October 2023, pages 370-378

Anticoagulation Use as an Independent Predictor of Mortality and Major Adverse Cardiovascular Events in Hospitalized COVID-19 Patients: A Multicenter Retrospective Analysis

Figures

Figure 1.
Figure 1. Flow chart of the study’s patient population. SARS-CoV-2: severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2; AC: anticoagulation; MACE: major adverse cardiovascular event.
Figure 2.
Figure 2. Major adverse cardiovascular event incidence by use of anticoagulation. Bars illustrate mean ± SD. MACEs: major adverse cardiovascular events; AC: anticoagulation; SD: standard deviation.
Figure 3.
Figure 3. Acute heart failure incidence by use of anticoagulation. Bars illustrate mean ± SD. AC: anticoagulation; SD: standard deviation.
Figure 4.
Figure 4. Myocardial infarction (MI) incidence by use of anticoagulation. Bars illustrate mean ± SD. AC: anticoagulation; SD: standard deviation.
Figure 5.
Figure 5. Incidence of pulmonary embolism (PE) and deep venous thrombosis (DVT) by use of anticoagulation. Bars illustrate mean ± SD. AC: anticoagulation; SD: standard deviation.
Figure 6.
Figure 6. Pericardial effusion incidence by use of anticoagulation. Bars illustrate mean ± SD. AC: anticoagulation; SD: standard deviation.
Figure 7.
Figure 7. Stroke incidence by use of anticoagulation. Bars illustrate mean ± SD. AC: anticoagulation; SD: standard deviation.
Figure 8.
Figure 8. All-cause mortality incidence by use of anticoagulation. Bars illustrate mean ± SD. AC: anticoagulation; SD: standard deviation.

Table

Table 1. Demographics of the Study Cohort
 
FactorsAC non-users (n = 2,426)AC users (n = 375)P value
*P < 0.05. AC: anticoagulation; BMI: body mass index; CAD: coronary artery disease; CKD: chronic kidney disease; COPD: chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; SD: standard deviation; IQR: interquartile range.
Age, mean (SD), years60.43 (17.35)68.22 (15.07)< 0.001*
Gender, n (%)
  Male1,254 (51.7)204 (54.4)0.345
  Female1,172 (48.3)171 (45.6)
BMI, median (IQR), kg/m230.00 (25.50, 35.50)29.95 (25.40, 35.10)0.826
Comorbidities, n (%)
  CAD
    No2,098 (86.5)293 (78.1)< 0.001*
    Yes328 (13.5)82 (21.9)
  Cirrhosis
    No2,368 (97.6)366 (97.6)1
    Yes58 (2.4)9 (2.4)
  CKD
    No2,068 (85.2)300 (80.0)0.011*
    Yes358 (14.8)75 (20.0)
  COPD/asthma
    No2,057 (84.8)296 (78.9)0.005*
    Yes369 (15.2)79 (21.1)
  Diabetes
    No1,478 (60.9)206 (54.9)0.031*
    Yes948 (39.1)169 (45.1)
  Heart failure
    No2,136 (88.0)270 (72.0)< 0.001*
    Yes290 (12.0)105 (28.0)
  Hypertension
    No943 (38.9)117 (31.2)0.004*
    Yes1,483 (61.1)258 (68.8)
  History of stroke
    No2,213 (91.2)327 (87.2)0.017*
    Yes213 (8.8)48 (12.8)