Cardiol Res

Cardiology Research, ISSN 1923-2829 print, 1923-2837 online, Open Access

Article copyright, the authors; Journal compilation copyright, Cardiol Res and Elmer Press Inc

Journal website https://www.cardiologyres.org

Original Article

Volume 15, Number 1, February 2024, pages 37-46

Characteristics and Outcomes of Atrial Fibrillation in Chronic Heart Failure Patients: A Comprehensive Analysis of the Colombian Heart Failure Registry

Figure 1. Prescription rates of HF medications based on AF diagnosis. ACEI: angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor; ARB: angiotensin receptor blocker; ARNI: angiotensin receptor neprilysin inhibitor; AF: atrial fibrillation; HF: heart failure; MRA: mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist.

Figure 2. Summary of findings from the RECOLFACA study regarding atrial fibrillation (AF) in chronic HF patients. RECOLFACA: the Colombian Heart Failure Registry; ECG: electrocardiogram; ICD: implantable cardioverter defibrillator; CRT: cardiac resynchronization therapy; HFrEF: heart failure with reduced ejection fraction.

**Table 1.** Sociodemographic and Clinical Characteristics Based on Atrial Fibrillation Diagnosis
	No AF (n = 1,954) n (%)	AF (n = 560), n (%)	Total (n = 2,514), n (%)	P value
*P < 0.05. This table contains absolute counts and percentages (%) for categorical variables and mean and SD for continuous variables. n: refers to the total number of patients that report having/not having each condition. ACC: American College of Cardiology; AHA: American Heart Association; CABG: coronary artery bypass graft; COPD: chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; CRT: cardiac resynchronization therapy; GFR: glomerular filtration rate; HR: heart rate; bpm: beats per minute; ICD: implantable cardioverter defibrillator; LVDD: left ventricular diastolic diameter; LVEF: left ventricle ejection fraction; NT-proBNP: N-terminal prohormone of brain natriuretic peptide; NYHA: New York Heart Association; PM: pacemaker; SD: standard deviation; IQR: interquartile range.
Demographics
Age (years), mean ± SD	66.00 ± 14.00	73.00 ± 11.00	67.00 ± 14.00	< 0.001*
Sex				0.272
Female	818 (41.9)	249 (44.5)	1,067 (42.4)
Male	1,136 (58.1)	311 (55.5)	1,447 (57.6)
Population				0.824
Asian	1 (0.1)	0 (0.0)	1 (0.0)
European	86 (4.4)	30 (5.4)	116 (4.6)
Native American	9 (0.5)	1 (0.2)	10 (0.4)
Hispanic	1,444 (73.9)	409 (73.0)	1,853 (73.7)
Mestizo	354 (18.1)	104 (18.6)	458 (18.2)
African-American	60 (3.1)	16 (2.9)	76 (3.0)
Insurance information
Contributive	1,115 (57.1)	355 (63.4)	1,470 (58.5)	< 0.001*
Subsidized	748 (38.3)	149 (26.6)	897 (35.7)
Additional insurance policy	91 (4.7)	56 (10.0)	147 (5.8)
Comorbidities
Hypertension	1,382 (70.7)	429 (76.6)	1,811 (72.0)	0.006
Type 2 diabetes mellitus	516 (26.4)	104 (18.6)	620 (24.7)	< 0.001*
Cancer	78 (4.0)	23 (4.1)	101 (4.0)	0.902
Coronary artery disease	565 (28.9)	141 (25.2)	706 (28.1)	0.083
COPD	315 (16.1)	126 (22.5)	441 (17.5)	< 0.001*
Thyroid disease	257 (13.2)	131 (23.4)	388 (15.4)	< 0.001*
Chronic kidney disease	307 (15.7)	127 (22.7)	434 (17.3)	< 0.001*
Valvular disease	297 (15.2)	132 (23.6)	429 (17.1)	< 0.001*
Smoking	362 (18.5)	90 (16.1)	452 (17.9)	0.182
CABG	139 (7.1)	31 (5.5)	170 (6.8)	0.190
Dyslipidemia	513 (26.3)	134 (23.9)	647 (25.7)	0.267
Chagas disease	70 (3.6)	18 (3.2)	88 (3.5)	0.676
Heart failure information
NYHA classification				0.488
I	242 (12.4)	56 (10.0)	298 (11.9)
II	1042 (53.3)	308 (55.0)	1,350 (53.7)
III	577 (29.5)	170 (30.4)	747 (29.7)
IV	93 (4.8)	26 (4.6)	119 (4.7)
AHA/ACC stage				0.171
C	1,854 (94.9)	523 (93.4)	2,377 (94.6)
D	100 (5.1)	37 (6.6)	137 (5.4)
Bicameral PM	60 (3.1)	38 (6.8)	98 (3.9)	< 0.001*
Unicameral PM	28 (1.4)	21 (3.8)	49 (1.9)	< 0.001*
CRT	39 (2.0)	9 (1.6)	48 (1.9)	0.553
ICD	184 (9.4)	59 (10.5)	243 (9.7)	0.429
CRT + ICD	84 (4.3)	43 (7.7)	127 (5.1)	0.001*
HR (bpm), median (IQR)	72 (65, 80)	70 (64, 83)	72 (65, 81)	0.832
QRS complex				0.190
< 120 ms	635 (61.4)	198 (65.6)	833 (62.4)
> 120 ms	399 (38.6)	104 (34.4)	503 (37.7)
LVDD mm	56.595 (12.493)	55.089 (12.626)	56.270 (12.532)	0.032
LVEF %	33.978 (13.432)	35.293 (13.672)	34.261 (13.491)	0.067
Pulmonary hypertension on echocardiogram	649 (45.5)	241 (59.5)	890 (48.6)	< 0.001*
Quality of life score	79.742 (20.383)	75.616 (22.487)	78.823 (20.936)	< 0.001*
Laboratory results
Hemoglobin, mg/dL	12.966 (2.098)	12.944 (2.041)	12.961 (2.084)	0.980
Creatinine, mg/dL	1.349 (1.050)	1.310 (0.690)	1.340 (0.979)	0.010
GFR	63.729 (35.912)	59.116 (26.455)	62.666 (34.016)	0.031
Hyperkalemia	142 (9.9)	34 (7.7)	176 (9.4)	0.146
Hyponatremia	193 (14.8)	47 (11.6)	240 (14.1)	0.111
Blood urea nitrogen	25.965 (14.052)	27.937 (14.087)	26.413 (14.080)	0.002*
NTproBNP, pg/mL	5,506.983 (8,508.236)	5,925.434 (10,806.911)	5,625.510 (9,205.680)	0.417

Table 1. Sociodemographic and Clinical Characteristics Based on Atrial Fibrillation Diagnosis

No AF (n = 1,954) n (%)

AF (n = 560), n (%)

Total (n = 2,514), n (%)

P value

*P < 0.05. This table contains absolute counts and percentages (%) for categorical variables and mean and SD for continuous variables. n: refers to the total number of patients that report having/not having each condition. ACC: American College of Cardiology; AHA: American Heart Association; CABG: coronary artery bypass graft; COPD: chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; CRT: cardiac resynchronization therapy; GFR: glomerular filtration rate; HR: heart rate; bpm: beats per minute; ICD: implantable cardioverter defibrillator; LVDD: left ventricular diastolic diameter; LVEF: left ventricle ejection fraction; NT-proBNP: N-terminal prohormone of brain natriuretic peptide; NYHA: New York Heart Association; PM: pacemaker; SD: standard deviation; IQR: interquartile range.

Demographics

Age (years), mean ± SD

66.00 ± 14.00

73.00 ± 11.00

67.00 ± 14.00

< 0.001*

Sex

0.272

Female

818 (41.9)

249 (44.5)

1,067 (42.4)

Male

1,136 (58.1)

311 (55.5)

1,447 (57.6)

Population

0.824

Asian

1 (0.1)

0 (0.0)

1 (0.0)

European

86 (4.4)

30 (5.4)

116 (4.6)

Native American

9 (0.5)

1 (0.2)

10 (0.4)

Hispanic

1,444 (73.9)

409 (73.0)

1,853 (73.7)

Mestizo

354 (18.1)

104 (18.6)

458 (18.2)

African-American

60 (3.1)

16 (2.9)

76 (3.0)

Insurance information

Contributive

1,115 (57.1)

355 (63.4)

1,470 (58.5)

< 0.001*

Subsidized

748 (38.3)

149 (26.6)

897 (35.7)

Additional insurance policy

91 (4.7)

56 (10.0)

147 (5.8)

Comorbidities

Hypertension

1,382 (70.7)

429 (76.6)

1,811 (72.0)

0.006

Type 2 diabetes mellitus

516 (26.4)

104 (18.6)

620 (24.7)

< 0.001*

Cancer

78 (4.0)

23 (4.1)

101 (4.0)

0.902

Coronary artery disease

565 (28.9)

141 (25.2)

706 (28.1)

0.083

COPD

315 (16.1)

126 (22.5)

441 (17.5)

< 0.001*

Thyroid disease

257 (13.2)

131 (23.4)

388 (15.4)

< 0.001*

Chronic kidney disease

307 (15.7)

127 (22.7)

434 (17.3)

< 0.001*

Valvular disease

297 (15.2)

132 (23.6)

429 (17.1)

< 0.001*

Smoking

362 (18.5)

90 (16.1)

452 (17.9)

0.182

CABG

139 (7.1)

31 (5.5)

170 (6.8)

0.190

Dyslipidemia

513 (26.3)

134 (23.9)

647 (25.7)

0.267

Chagas disease

70 (3.6)

18 (3.2)

88 (3.5)

0.676

Heart failure information

NYHA classification

0.488

242 (12.4)

56 (10.0)

298 (11.9)

1042 (53.3)

308 (55.0)

1,350 (53.7)

III

577 (29.5)

170 (30.4)

747 (29.7)

93 (4.8)

26 (4.6)

119 (4.7)

AHA/ACC stage

0.171

1,854 (94.9)

523 (93.4)

2,377 (94.6)

100 (5.1)

37 (6.6)

137 (5.4)

Bicameral PM

60 (3.1)

38 (6.8)

98 (3.9)

< 0.001*

Unicameral PM

28 (1.4)

21 (3.8)

49 (1.9)

< 0.001*

CRT

39 (2.0)

9 (1.6)

48 (1.9)

0.553

ICD

184 (9.4)

59 (10.5)

243 (9.7)

0.429

CRT + ICD

84 (4.3)

43 (7.7)

127 (5.1)

0.001*

HR (bpm), median (IQR)

72 (65, 80)

70 (64, 83)

72 (65, 81)

0.832

QRS complex

0.190

< 120 ms

635 (61.4)

198 (65.6)

833 (62.4)

> 120 ms

399 (38.6)

104 (34.4)

503 (37.7)

LVDD mm

56.595 (12.493)

55.089 (12.626)

56.270 (12.532)

0.032

LVEF %

33.978 (13.432)

35.293 (13.672)

34.261 (13.491)

0.067

Pulmonary hypertension on echocardiogram

649 (45.5)

241 (59.5)

890 (48.6)

< 0.001*

Quality of life score

79.742 (20.383)

75.616 (22.487)

78.823 (20.936)

< 0.001*

Laboratory results

Hemoglobin, mg/dL

12.966 (2.098)

12.944 (2.041)

12.961 (2.084)

0.980

Creatinine, mg/dL

1.349 (1.050)

1.310 (0.690)

1.340 (0.979)

0.010

GFR

63.729 (35.912)

59.116 (26.455)

62.666 (34.016)

0.031

Hyperkalemia

142 (9.9)

34 (7.7)

176 (9.4)

0.146

Hyponatremia

193 (14.8)

47 (11.6)

240 (14.1)

0.111

Blood urea nitrogen

25.965 (14.052)

27.937 (14.087)

26.413 (14.080)

0.002*

NTproBNP, pg/mL

5,506.983 (8,508.236)

5,925.434 (10,806.911)

5,625.510 (9,205.680)

0.417

**Table 2.** Sociodemographic and Clinical Characteristics of Patients With HF and Atrial Fibrillation Based on Ejection Fraction
	HFpEF (n = 275), n (%)	HFrEF (n = 285), n (%)	Total (n = 560), n (%)	P value
This table contains absolute counts and % for categorical variables and mean and SD for continuous variables. n: refers to the total number of patients that report having/not having each condition. SD: standard deviation; ACC: American College of Cardiology; AHA: American Heart Association; ARB: aldosterone receptor blocker; CABG: coronary artery bypass graft; COPD: chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; CRT: cardiac resynchronization therapy; GFR: glomerular filtration rate; ICD: implantable cardioverter defibrillator; LVDD: left ventricle diastolic diameter; LVEF: left ventricle ejection fraction; MRA: mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist; NT-proBNP: N-terminal prohormone of brain natriuretic peptide; NYHA: New York Heart Association; PM: pacemaker; ACE: angiotensin-converting enzyme; HFpEF: heart failure with preserved ejection fraction; HFrEF: heart failure with reduced ejection fraction.
Demographics
Age (years), mean ± SD	75.21 ± 10.06	70.95 ± 10.61	73.04 ± 10.55	< 0.001
Sex
Female	136 (49.5)	113 (39.6)	249 (44.5)
Males	139 (50.5)	172 (60.4)	311 (55.5)	0.020
Population				0.661
European	15 (5.5)	15 (5.3)	30 (5.4)
Indigenous	0 (0.0)	1 (0.4)	1 (0.2)
Hispanic	197 (71.6)	212 (74.4)	409 (73.0)
Mestiza	53 (19.3)	51 (17.9)	104 (18.6)
African-American	10 (3.6)	6 (2.1)	16 (2.9)
Comorbidities
Hypertension	217 (78.9)	212 (74.4)	429 (76.6)	0.206
Type 2 diabetes mellitus	57 (20.7)	47 (16.5)	104 (18.6)	0.198
Coronary disease	72 (26.2)	69 (24.2)	141 (25.2)	0.591
COPD	68 (24.7)	58 (20.4)	126 (22.5)	0.215
Thyroid disease	76 (27.6)	55 (19.3)	131 (23.4)	0.020
Chronic kidney disease	57 (20.7)	70 (24.6)	127 (22.7)	0.279
Valvular disease	71 (25.8)	61 (21.4)	132 (23.6)	0.219
Smoking	50 (18.2)	40 (14.0)	90 (16.0)	0.182
CABG	17 (6.2)	14 (4.9)	31 (5.5)	0.511
Dyslipidemia	59 (21.5)	75 (26.3)	134 (23.9)	0.178
Chagas disease	4 (1.5)	14 (4.9)	18 (3.2)	0.020
Heart failure information
HF etiology
Hypertensive	118 (42.9)	103 (36.1)	221 (39.5)	0.101
Toxic	3 (1.1)	1 (0.4)	4 (0.7)	0.365
Ischemic	108 (39.3)	109 (38.2)	217 (38.8)	0.803
Unknown	0	0	0
Valvular	78 (28.4)	58 (20.4)	136 (24.3)	0.027
Other	0	0	0
Chemotherapy	2 (0.7)	2 (0.7)	4 (0.7)	1.000
Idiopathic	19 (6.9)	19 (6.7)	38 (6.8)	0.909
Tachycardiomyopathy	58 (21.1)	73 (25.6)	131 (23.4)	0.206
Metabolic	5 (1.8)	8 (2.8)	13 (2.3)	0.437
Chagasic	3 (1.1)	13 (4.6)	16 (2.9)	0.014
Congenital	2 (0.7)	2 (0.7)	4 (0.7)	1.000
Viral	1 (0.4)	0 (0.0)	1 (0.2)	0.491
Genetic	1 (0.4)	0 (0.0)	1 (0.2)	0.491
Peripartum	0 (0.0)	1 (0.4)	1 (0.2)	1.000
Alcoholic	0 (0.0)	1 (0.4)	1 (0.2)	1.000
NYHA classification				0.153
I	25 (9.1)	31 (10.9)	56 (10.0)
II	151 (54.9)	157 (55.1)	308 (55.0)
III	91 (33.1)	79 (27.7)	170 (30.4)
IV	8 (2.9)	18 (6.3)	26 (4.6)
AHA/ACC stage				0.079
C	262 (95.3)	261 (91.6)	523 (93.4)
D	13 (4.7)	24 (8.4)	37 (6.6)
Bicameral PM	25 (9.1)	13 (4.6)	38 (6.8)	0.033
Unicameral PM	13 (4.7)	8 (2.8)	21 (3.8)	0.232
CRT	4 (1.5)	5 (1.8)	9 (1.6)	0.957
ICD	24 (8.7)	35 (12.3)	59 (10.5)	0.171
CRT + ICD	8 (2.9)	35 (12.3)	43 (7.7)	< 0.001
Prolonged QRS	43 (31)	61 (37)	104 (34.4)	0.237
LVDD, mm	48.516 (10.170)	58.220 (12.499)	55.089 (12.626)	< 0.001
LVEF	50.406 (8.634)	27.074 (7.487)	35.293 (13.672)	< 0.001
Pulmonary hypertension on echocardiogram	94 (64.4)	147 (56.8)	241 (59.5)	0.133
Quality of life score	77.018 (21.525)	74.263 (23.335)	75.616 (22.487)	0.195
Pharmacological treatment
ACE inhibitors	77 (28.0)	95 (33.3)	172 (30.7)	0.171
ARB	136 (49.5)	119 (41.8)	255 (45.5)	0.067
Diuretics	205 (74.5)	217 (76.1)	422 (75.4)	0.661
Beta-blockers	248 (90.2)	268 (94.0)	516 (92.1)	0.090
Sacubitril/valsartan	17 (6.2)	39 (13.7)	56 (10.0)	0.003
MRAs	131 (47.6)	192 (67.4)	323 (57.7)	< 0.001
Ivabradine	2 (0.7)	5 (1.8)	7 (1.2)	0.274
Digoxin	41 (14.9)	58 (20.4)	99 (17.7)	0.091
Nitrates	11 (4.0)	5 (1.8)	16 (2.9)	0.111
Antiaggregants	67 (24.4)	66 (23.2)	133 (23.8)	0.737
Statins	148 (53.8)	171 (60.0)	319 (57.0)	0.140
Anticoagulants	194 (70.5)	183 (64.2)	377 (67.3)	0.110
Laboratory findings
Hemoglobin, mg/dL	12.631 (2.152)	13.243 (1.886)	12.944 (2.041)	0.005
Serum creatinine, mg/dL	1.255 (0.630)	1.361 (0.739)	1.310 (0.690)	0.013
GFR	61.905 (25.763)	56.499 (26.877)	59.116 (26.455)	0.007
Blood urea nitrogen	26.717 (13.971)	29.033 (14.139)	27.937 (14.087)	0.050
Hyperkalemia	16 (7.3)	18 (7.9)	34 (7.7)	0.804
Hyponatremia	28 (13.9)	19 (9.4)	47 (11.6)	0.152
NT-proBNP, pg/mL	4,975.927 (12,335.601)	6,795.815 (9,207.515)	5,925.434 (10,806.911)	0.177

Table 2. Sociodemographic and Clinical Characteristics of Patients With HF and Atrial Fibrillation Based on Ejection Fraction

HFpEF (n = 275), n (%)

HFrEF (n = 285), n (%)

Total (n = 560), n (%)

P value

This table contains absolute counts and % for categorical variables and mean and SD for continuous variables. n: refers to the total number of patients that report having/not having each condition. SD: standard deviation; ACC: American College of Cardiology; AHA: American Heart Association; ARB: aldosterone receptor blocker; CABG: coronary artery bypass graft; COPD: chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; CRT: cardiac resynchronization therapy; GFR: glomerular filtration rate; ICD: implantable cardioverter defibrillator; LVDD: left ventricle diastolic diameter; LVEF: left ventricle ejection fraction; MRA: mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist; NT-proBNP: N-terminal prohormone of brain natriuretic peptide; NYHA: New York Heart Association; PM: pacemaker; ACE: angiotensin-converting enzyme; HFpEF: heart failure with preserved ejection fraction; HFrEF: heart failure with reduced ejection fraction.

Demographics

Age (years), mean ± SD

75.21 ± 10.06

70.95 ± 10.61

73.04 ± 10.55

< 0.001

Sex

Female

136 (49.5)

113 (39.6)

249 (44.5)

Males

139 (50.5)

172 (60.4)

311 (55.5)

0.020

Population

0.661

European

15 (5.5)

15 (5.3)

30 (5.4)

Indigenous

0 (0.0)

1 (0.4)

1 (0.2)

Hispanic

197 (71.6)

212 (74.4)

409 (73.0)

Mestiza

53 (19.3)

51 (17.9)

104 (18.6)

African-American

10 (3.6)

6 (2.1)

16 (2.9)

Comorbidities

Hypertension

217 (78.9)

212 (74.4)

429 (76.6)

0.206

Type 2 diabetes mellitus

57 (20.7)

47 (16.5)

104 (18.6)

0.198

Coronary disease

72 (26.2)

69 (24.2)

141 (25.2)

0.591

COPD

68 (24.7)

58 (20.4)

126 (22.5)

0.215

Thyroid disease

76 (27.6)

55 (19.3)

131 (23.4)

0.020

Chronic kidney disease

57 (20.7)

70 (24.6)

127 (22.7)

0.279

Valvular disease

71 (25.8)

61 (21.4)

132 (23.6)

0.219

Smoking

50 (18.2)

40 (14.0)

90 (16.0)

0.182

CABG

17 (6.2)

14 (4.9)

31 (5.5)

0.511

Dyslipidemia

59 (21.5)

75 (26.3)

134 (23.9)

0.178

Chagas disease

4 (1.5)

14 (4.9)

18 (3.2)

0.020

Heart failure information

HF etiology

Hypertensive

118 (42.9)

103 (36.1)

221 (39.5)

0.101

Toxic

3 (1.1)

1 (0.4)

4 (0.7)

0.365

Ischemic

108 (39.3)

109 (38.2)

217 (38.8)

0.803

Unknown

Valvular

78 (28.4)

58 (20.4)

136 (24.3)

0.027

Other

Chemotherapy

2 (0.7)

4 (0.7)

1.000

Idiopathic

19 (6.9)

19 (6.7)

38 (6.8)

0.909

Tachycardiomyopathy

58 (21.1)

73 (25.6)

131 (23.4)

0.206

Metabolic

5 (1.8)

8 (2.8)

13 (2.3)

0.437

Chagasic

3 (1.1)

13 (4.6)

16 (2.9)

0.014

Congenital

2 (0.7)

4 (0.7)

1.000

Viral

1 (0.4)

0 (0.0)

1 (0.2)

0.491

Genetic

1 (0.4)

0 (0.0)

1 (0.2)

0.491

Peripartum

0 (0.0)

1 (0.4)

1 (0.2)

1.000

Alcoholic

0 (0.0)

1 (0.4)

1 (0.2)

1.000

NYHA classification

0.153

25 (9.1)

31 (10.9)

56 (10.0)

151 (54.9)

157 (55.1)

308 (55.0)

III

91 (33.1)

79 (27.7)

170 (30.4)

8 (2.9)

18 (6.3)

26 (4.6)

AHA/ACC stage

0.079

262 (95.3)

261 (91.6)

523 (93.4)

13 (4.7)

24 (8.4)

37 (6.6)

Bicameral PM

25 (9.1)

13 (4.6)

38 (6.8)

0.033

Unicameral PM

13 (4.7)

8 (2.8)

21 (3.8)

0.232

CRT

4 (1.5)

5 (1.8)

9 (1.6)

0.957

ICD

24 (8.7)

35 (12.3)

59 (10.5)

0.171

CRT + ICD

8 (2.9)

35 (12.3)

43 (7.7)

< 0.001

Prolonged QRS

43 (31)

61 (37)

104 (34.4)

0.237

LVDD, mm

48.516 (10.170)

58.220 (12.499)

55.089 (12.626)

< 0.001

LVEF

50.406 (8.634)

27.074 (7.487)

35.293 (13.672)

< 0.001

Pulmonary hypertension on echocardiogram

94 (64.4)

147 (56.8)

241 (59.5)

0.133

Quality of life score

77.018 (21.525)

74.263 (23.335)

75.616 (22.487)

0.195

Pharmacological treatment

ACE inhibitors

77 (28.0)

95 (33.3)

172 (30.7)

0.171

ARB

136 (49.5)

119 (41.8)

255 (45.5)

0.067

Diuretics

205 (74.5)

217 (76.1)

422 (75.4)

0.661

Beta-blockers

248 (90.2)

268 (94.0)

516 (92.1)

0.090

Sacubitril/valsartan

17 (6.2)

39 (13.7)

56 (10.0)

0.003

MRAs

131 (47.6)

192 (67.4)

323 (57.7)

< 0.001

Ivabradine

2 (0.7)

5 (1.8)

7 (1.2)

0.274

Digoxin

41 (14.9)

58 (20.4)

99 (17.7)

0.091

Nitrates

11 (4.0)

5 (1.8)

16 (2.9)

0.111

Antiaggregants

67 (24.4)

66 (23.2)

133 (23.8)

0.737

Statins

148 (53.8)

171 (60.0)

319 (57.0)

0.140

Anticoagulants

194 (70.5)

183 (64.2)

377 (67.3)

0.110

Laboratory findings

Hemoglobin, mg/dL

12.631 (2.152)

13.243 (1.886)

12.944 (2.041)

0.005

Serum creatinine, mg/dL

1.255 (0.630)

1.361 (0.739)

1.310 (0.690)

0.013

GFR

61.905 (25.763)

56.499 (26.877)

59.116 (26.455)

0.007

Blood urea nitrogen

26.717 (13.971)

29.033 (14.139)

27.937 (14.087)

0.050

Hyperkalemia

16 (7.3)

18 (7.9)

34 (7.7)

0.804

Hyponatremia

28 (13.9)

19 (9.4)

47 (11.6)

0.152

NT-proBNP, pg/mL

4,975.927 (12,335.601)

6,795.815 (9,207.515)

5,925.434 (10,806.911)

0.177