Cardiol Res

Cardiology Research, ISSN 1923-2829 print, 1923-2837 online, Open Access

Article copyright, the authors; Journal compilation copyright, Cardiol Res and Elmer Press Inc

Journal website https://www.cardiologyres.org

Original Article

Volume 15, Number 3, June 2024, pages 179-188

Effect of Aspirin Use on the Adverse Outcomes in Patients Hospitalized for COVID-19

Figure 1. Kaplan-Meier curve showing cumulative survival and length of stay of patients on aspirin compared to patients not on aspirin. Patients on aspirin stayed longer in the hospital compared to those not on aspirin from approximately 5 up to 40 days.

**Table 1.** Demographics and Other Baseline Characteristics of COVID-19 Patients Included in the Study
	On aspirin (n = 128)	Not on aspirin (n = 248)
BMI: body mass index; CAD: coronary artery disease; CHF: congestive heart failure; CKD: chronic kidney disease; COVID-19: coronavirus disease 2019; DVT: deep vein thrombosis; PE: pulmonary embolism; SD: standard deviation.
Gender, % (n)
Male	47.7 (61)	40.7 (101)
Female	52.3 (67)	59.3 (147)
Age (mean ± SD)	66.79 ± 12.27	59.79 ± 18.80
Race/ethnicity, % (n)
Non-Hispanic Whites	35.2 (45)	28.2 (70)
Non-Hispanic Blacks	40.6 (52)	35.1 (87)
Native American	22.7 (29)	24.6 (61)
Others/Hispanic-Latino/Asian	1.6 (2)	12.1 (30)
BMI (mean ± SD)	32.71 ± 8.84	32.40 ± 9.78
Obesity
Overweight (BMI 25.0 - 29.9), % (n)	26.6 (34)	27.8 (69)
Class I obesity (BMI 30 - 34.9), % (n)	28.9 (37)	19.8 (49)
Class II obesity (BMI 35 - 39.9), % (n)	13.3 (17)	10.9 (27)
Class III obesity (BMI ≥ 40), % (n)	16.4 (21)	17.3 (43)
Pre-existing/chronic medical problems, % (n)
Diabetes mellites	63.3 (81)	41.9 (104)
Hypertension	89.8 (115)	73.8 (183)
Hyperlipidemia	70.3 (90)	48.4 (120)
Atrial fibrillation	10.9 (14)	5.6 (14)
History of DVT/PE	3.9 (5)	5.2 (13)
CAD	41.4 (53)	15.7 (39)
CHF	18.8 (24)	10.1 (25)
Chronic lung disease	28.1 (36)	15.7 (39)
CKD	21.1 (27)	21.4 (53)
On chronic dialysis	3.1 (4)	6.9 (17)
Medication prior to admission
On antiplatelet therapy, % (n)
Clopidogrel	0	13.3 (33)
Ticagrelor	0	1.6 (4)
Dual antiplatelet therapy	10.9 (14)	0
On anticoagulation, % (n)
Coumadin	2.3 (3)	1.2 (3)
Apixaban	4.7 (6)	6.0 (15)
Rivaroxaban	3.1 (4)	1.2 (3)
Enoxaparin	0.8 (1)	0.8 (2)

Table 1. Demographics and Other Baseline Characteristics of COVID-19 Patients Included in the Study

On aspirin (n = 128)

Not on aspirin (n = 248)

BMI: body mass index; CAD: coronary artery disease; CHF: congestive heart failure; CKD: chronic kidney disease; COVID-19: coronavirus disease 2019; DVT: deep vein thrombosis; PE: pulmonary embolism; SD: standard deviation.

Gender, % (n)

Male

47.7 (61)

40.7 (101)

Female

52.3 (67)

59.3 (147)

Age (mean ± SD)

66.79 ± 12.27

59.79 ± 18.80

Race/ethnicity, % (n)

Non-Hispanic Whites

35.2 (45)

28.2 (70)

Non-Hispanic Blacks

40.6 (52)

35.1 (87)

Native American

22.7 (29)

24.6 (61)

Others/Hispanic-Latino/Asian

1.6 (2)

12.1 (30)

BMI (mean ± SD)

32.71 ± 8.84

32.40 ± 9.78

Obesity

Overweight (BMI 25.0 - 29.9), % (n)

26.6 (34)

27.8 (69)

Class I obesity (BMI 30 - 34.9), % (n)

28.9 (37)

19.8 (49)

Class II obesity (BMI 35 - 39.9), % (n)

13.3 (17)

10.9 (27)

Class III obesity (BMI ≥ 40), % (n)

16.4 (21)

17.3 (43)

Pre-existing/chronic medical problems, % (n)

Diabetes mellites

63.3 (81)

41.9 (104)

Hypertension

89.8 (115)

73.8 (183)

Hyperlipidemia

70.3 (90)

48.4 (120)

Atrial fibrillation

10.9 (14)

5.6 (14)

History of DVT/PE

3.9 (5)

5.2 (13)

CAD

41.4 (53)

15.7 (39)

CHF

18.8 (24)

10.1 (25)

Chronic lung disease

28.1 (36)

15.7 (39)

CKD

21.1 (27)

21.4 (53)

On chronic dialysis

3.1 (4)

6.9 (17)

Medication prior to admission

On antiplatelet therapy, % (n)

Clopidogrel

13.3 (33)

Ticagrelor

1.6 (4)

Dual antiplatelet therapy

10.9 (14)

On anticoagulation, % (n)

Coumadin

2.3 (3)

1.2 (3)

Apixaban

4.7 (6)

6.0 (15)

Rivaroxaban

3.1 (4)

1.2 (3)

Enoxaparin

0.8 (1)

0.8 (2)

**Table 2.** Comparative Analysis of Variables of Interest Between COVID-19 Patients on Aspirin and Those Not on Aspirin
	On aspirin (n = 128)	Not on aspirin (n = 248)	P
AKI: acute kidney injury; CHF: congestive heart failure; COVID-19: coronavirus disease 2019; CVA: cerebrovascular accident; DVT: deep vein thrombosis; IQR: interquartile range; LDH: lactate dehydrogenase; NSTEMI: non-ST elevation myocardial infarction; PE: pulmonary embolism; SD: standard deviation; STEMI: ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction.
Hypoxia (SpO₂ < 94%), % (n)	71.1 (91)	54.4 (135)	0.002
O₂ support, % (n)
On nasal cannula O₂ support	64.1 (82)	57.3 (142)	0.204
On high flow oxygen (≥ 6 L/min)	35.2 (45)	28.2 (70)	0.163
On mechanical ventilation, % (n)	21.1 (27)	15.3 (38)	0.159
Duration of mechanical ventilation (days) (median (IQR))	7 (7)	9 (11)	0.036
Inflammatory markers
D-dimer
On presentation (median (IQR))	0.990 (1.71)	1.12 (1.415)	0.905
Peak (median (IQR))	1.63 (3.458)	1.32 (1.752)	0.241
LDH
On presentation (mean ± SD)	300.57 (168.05)	315.89 (244.78)	0.930
Peak (mean ± SD)	331.33 (150.22)	382.15 (379.18)	0.886
Ferritin
On presentation (median (IQR))	490.6 (666.95)	581.6 (1,265.1)	0.450
Peak (median (IQR))	649.1 (900.73)	818.4 (1,715.0)	0.561
Procalcitonin
On presentation (median (IQR))	0.505 (0.355)	0.74 (0.768)	0.976
Peak (median (IQR))	0.83 (0.99)	0.90 (2.515)	0.764
Positive chest X-ray findings, % (n)	82.8 (106)	74.2 (184)	0.060
Inpatient medications
Received therapeutic enoxaparin	35.9 (46)	29.8 (74)	0.230
Received antibiotics	88.3 (113)	79.0 (196)	0.026
Received remdesivir	52.3 (67)	33.9 (84)	0.001
Received dexamethasone	71.9 (92)	52.4 (130)	0.000
Received convalescent plasma	5.5 (7)	8.5 (21)	0.295
Acute medical problems, % (n)
Cardiovascular events (STEMI, type 1 NSTEMI, CHF, CVA)	7.8 (10)	5.2 (13)	0.318
DVT/PE	3.9 (5)	5.2 (13)	0.575
AKI	44.5 (57)	30.2 (75)	0.006
Needed dialysis for AKI	3.9 (5)	6.9 (17)	0.242
Length of hospitalization (days) (median (IQR))	5.50 (7.75)	4.00 (6.00)	0.011
Readmissions, % (n)	13.3 (17)	12.9 (32)	0.913
Death, % (n)	23.4 (30)	20.2 (50)	0.473

Table 2. Comparative Analysis of Variables of Interest Between COVID-19 Patients on Aspirin and Those Not on Aspirin

On aspirin (n = 128)

Not on aspirin (n = 248)

AKI: acute kidney injury; CHF: congestive heart failure; COVID-19: coronavirus disease 2019; CVA: cerebrovascular accident; DVT: deep vein thrombosis; IQR: interquartile range; LDH: lactate dehydrogenase; NSTEMI: non-ST elevation myocardial infarction; PE: pulmonary embolism; SD: standard deviation; STEMI: ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction.

Hypoxia (SpO₂ < 94%), % (n)

71.1 (91)

54.4 (135)

0.002

O₂ support, % (n)

On nasal cannula O₂ support

64.1 (82)

57.3 (142)

0.204

On high flow oxygen (≥ 6 L/min)

35.2 (45)

28.2 (70)

0.163

On mechanical ventilation, % (n)

21.1 (27)

15.3 (38)

0.159

Duration of mechanical ventilation (days) (median (IQR))

7 (7)

9 (11)

0.036

Inflammatory markers

D-dimer

On presentation (median (IQR))

0.990 (1.71)

1.12 (1.415)

0.905

Peak (median (IQR))

1.63 (3.458)

1.32 (1.752)

0.241

LDH

On presentation (mean ± SD)

300.57 (168.05)

315.89 (244.78)

0.930

Peak (mean ± SD)

331.33 (150.22)

382.15 (379.18)

0.886

Ferritin

On presentation (median (IQR))

490.6 (666.95)

581.6 (1,265.1)

0.450

Peak (median (IQR))

649.1 (900.73)

818.4 (1,715.0)

0.561

Procalcitonin

On presentation (median (IQR))

0.505 (0.355)

0.74 (0.768)

0.976

Peak (median (IQR))

0.83 (0.99)

0.90 (2.515)

0.764

Positive chest X-ray findings, % (n)

82.8 (106)

74.2 (184)

0.060

Inpatient medications

Received therapeutic enoxaparin

35.9 (46)

29.8 (74)

0.230

Received antibiotics

88.3 (113)

79.0 (196)

0.026

Received remdesivir

52.3 (67)

33.9 (84)

0.001

Received dexamethasone

71.9 (92)

52.4 (130)

0.000

Received convalescent plasma

5.5 (7)

8.5 (21)

0.295

Acute medical problems, % (n)

Cardiovascular events (STEMI, type 1 NSTEMI, CHF, CVA)

7.8 (10)

5.2 (13)

0.318

DVT/PE

3.9 (5)

5.2 (13)

0.575

AKI

44.5 (57)

30.2 (75)

0.006

Needed dialysis for AKI

3.9 (5)

6.9 (17)

0.242

Length of hospitalization (days) (median (IQR))

5.50 (7.75)

4.00 (6.00)

0.011

Readmissions, % (n)

13.3 (17)

12.9 (32)

0.913

Death, % (n)

23.4 (30)

20.2 (50)

0.473

**Table 3.** Multivariable Logistic Regression Analysis for Hypoxia in Hospitalized COVID-19 Patients
	B	SE	Wald	df	Sig. (P)	Exp(B) (OR)	95% CI for EXP(B)
CI: confidence interval; COVID-19: coronavirus disease 2019; OR: odds ratio; SE: standard error.
On aspirin	-0.504	0.258	3.824	1	0.051	0.604	0.365	1.001
Gender (male)	-0.200	0.229	0.763	1	0.382	0.818	0.522	1.283
Recategorized race			3.965	3	0.265
Non-Hispanic Whites	0.886	0.450	3.878	1	0.049	2.426	1.004	5.859
Non-Hispanic Blacks	0.663	0.449	2.183	1	0.140	1.940	0.805	4.675
Native Americans	0.752	0.470	2.562	1	0.109	2.121	0.845	5.329
Diabetes mellitus	-0.367	0.238	2.381	1	0.123	0.693	0.434	1.104
Hypertension	-0.569	0.304	3.514	1	0.061	0.566	0.312	1.026
Coronary artery disease	-0.103	0.297	0.120	1	0.729	0.903	0.505	1.614
Chronic kidney disease	-0.198	0.296	0.450	1	0.502	0.820	0.459	1.464
Age dichotomized (< 65 years)	0.668	0.243	7.547	1	0.006	1.950	1.211	3.141
Constant	-0.520	0.469	1.226	1	0.268	0.595

Table 3. Multivariable Logistic Regression Analysis for Hypoxia in Hospitalized COVID-19 Patients

Wald

Sig. (P)

Exp(B) (OR)

95% CI for EXP(B)

Lower

Upper

CI: confidence interval; COVID-19: coronavirus disease 2019; OR: odds ratio; SE: standard error.

On aspirin

-0.504

0.258

3.824

0.051

0.604

0.365

1.001

Gender (male)

-0.200

0.229

0.763

0.382

0.818

0.522

1.283

Recategorized race

3.965

0.265

Non-Hispanic Whites

0.886

0.450

3.878

0.049

2.426

1.004

5.859

Non-Hispanic Blacks

0.663

0.449

2.183

0.140

1.940

0.805

4.675

Native Americans

0.752

0.470

2.562

0.109

2.121

0.845

5.329

Diabetes mellitus

-0.367

0.238

2.381

0.123

0.693

0.434

1.104

Hypertension

-0.569

0.304

3.514

0.061

0.566

0.312

1.026

Coronary artery disease

-0.103

0.297

0.120

0.729

0.903

0.505

1.614

Chronic kidney disease

-0.198

0.296

0.450

0.502

0.820

0.459

1.464

Age dichotomized (< 65 years)

0.668

0.243

7.547

0.006

1.950

1.211

3.141

Constant

-0.520

0.469

1.226

0.268

0.595

**Table 4.** Multivariable Logistic Regression Analysis for Mechanical Ventilation in COVID-19 Patients
	B	SE	Wald	df	Sig. (P)	Exp(B) (OR)	95% CI for EXP(B)
CI: confidence interval; COVID-19: coronavirus disease 2019; OR: odds ratio; SE: standard error.
On aspirin	-0.361	0.308	1.378	1	0.240	0.697	0.381	1.274
Gender (male)	-0.545	0.287	3.610	1	0.057	0.580	0.331	1.017
Recategorized race			0.456	3	0.928
Non-Hispanic Whites	0.300	0.589	0.260	1	0.610	1.350	0.425	4.286
Non-Hispanic Blacks	0.105	0.575	0.033	1	0.855	1.111	0.360	3.426
Native Americans	0.227	0.602	0.142	1	0.707	1.254	0.385	4.084
Diabetes mellitus	-0.161	0.295	0.298	1	0.585	0.851	0.477	1.518
Hypertension	-0.343	0.432	0.631	1	0.427	0.710	0.305	1.654
Coronary artery disease	0.575	0.360	2.554	1	0.110	1.777	0.878	3.596
Chronic kidney disease	-0.437	0.338	1.669	1	0.196	0.646	0.333	1.253
Age dichotomized (< 65 years)	0.514	0.305	2.843	1	0.092	1.671	0.920	3.037
Constant	1.863	0.626	8.846	1	0.003	6.440

Table 4. Multivariable Logistic Regression Analysis for Mechanical Ventilation in COVID-19 Patients

Wald

Sig. (P)

Exp(B) (OR)

95% CI for EXP(B)

Lower

Upper

CI: confidence interval; COVID-19: coronavirus disease 2019; OR: odds ratio; SE: standard error.

On aspirin

-0.361

0.308

1.378

0.240

0.697

0.381

1.274

Gender (male)

-0.545

0.287

3.610

0.057

0.580

0.331

1.017

Recategorized race

0.456

0.928

Non-Hispanic Whites

0.300

0.589

0.260

0.610

1.350

0.425

4.286

Non-Hispanic Blacks

0.105

0.575

0.033

0.855

1.111

0.360

3.426

Native Americans

0.227

0.602

0.142

0.707

1.254

0.385

4.084

Diabetes mellitus

-0.161

0.295

0.298

0.585

0.851

0.477

1.518

Hypertension

-0.343

0.432

0.631

0.427

0.710

0.305

1.654

Coronary artery disease

0.575

0.360

2.554

0.110

1.777

0.878

3.596

Chronic kidney disease

-0.437

0.338

1.669

0.196

0.646

0.333

1.253

Age dichotomized (< 65 years)

0.514

0.305

2.843

0.092

1.671

0.920

3.037

Constant

1.863

0.626

8.846

0.003

6.440

**Table 5.** Multivariable Logistic Regression Analysis for DVT/PE in Hospitalized COVID-19 Patients
	B	SE	Wald	df	Sig. (P)	Exp(B) (OR)	95% CI for EXP(B)
CI: confidence interval; COVID-19: coronavirus disease 2019; OR: odds ratio; SE: standard error.
On aspirin	-0.195	0.622	0.099	1	0.753	0.823	0.243	2.781
Gender (male)	2.049	0.804	6.501	1	0.011	7.759	1.606	37.483
Recategorized race			2.613	3	0.455
Non-Hispanic Whites	-18.030	6374.539	0.000	1	0.998	0.000	0.000
Non-Hispanic Blacks	-18.406	6374.539	0.000	1	0.998	0.000	0.000
Native Americans	-17.258	6374.539	0.000	1	0.998	0.000	0.000
Diabetes mellitus	0.731	0.562	1.693	1	0.193	2.077	0.691	6.244
Hypertension	-0.666	0.849	0.614	1	0.433	0.514	0.097	2.716
Coronary artery disease	0.452	0.689	0.431	1	0.512	1.572	0.407	6.067
Chronic kidney disease	-1.934	0.601	10.363	1	0.001	0.145	0.045	0.469
Age dichotomized (< 65 years)	-0.957	0.591	2.618	1	0.106	0.384	0.121	1.224
Constant	21.833	6374.539	0.000	1	0.997	3,033,928,723.49

Table 5. Multivariable Logistic Regression Analysis for DVT/PE in Hospitalized COVID-19 Patients

Wald

Sig. (P)

Exp(B) (OR)

95% CI for EXP(B)

Lower

Upper

CI: confidence interval; COVID-19: coronavirus disease 2019; OR: odds ratio; SE: standard error.

On aspirin

-0.195

0.622

0.099

0.753

0.823

0.243

2.781

Gender (male)

2.049

0.804

6.501

0.011

7.759

1.606

37.483

Recategorized race

2.613

0.455

Non-Hispanic Whites

-18.030

6374.539

0.000

0.998

0.000

Non-Hispanic Blacks

-18.406

6374.539

0.000

0.998

0.000

Native Americans

-17.258

6374.539

0.000

0.998

0.000

Diabetes mellitus

0.731

0.562

1.693

0.193

2.077

0.691

6.244

Hypertension

-0.666

0.849

0.614

0.433

0.514

0.097

2.716

Coronary artery disease

0.452

0.689

0.431

0.512

1.572

0.407

6.067

Chronic kidney disease

-1.934

0.601

10.363

0.001

0.145

0.045

0.469

Age dichotomized (< 65 years)

-0.957

0.591

2.618

0.106

0.384

0.121

1.224

Constant

21.833

6374.539

0.000

0.997

3,033,928,723.49

**Table 6.** Multivariable Logistic Regression Analysis for Readmission in COVID-19 Patients
	B	SE	Wald	df	Sig. (P)	Exp(B) (OR)	95% CI for EXP(B)
CI: confidence interval; COVID-19: coronavirus disease 2019; OR: odds ratio; SE: standard error.
On aspirin	0.057	0.357	0.025	1	0.874	1.058	0.525	2.132
Gender (male)	-0.068	0.328	0.043	1	0.836	0.934	0.491	1.777
Recategorized race			1.089	3	0.780
Non-Hispanic Whites	0.622	0.657	0.898	1	0.343	1.863	0.514	6.745
Non-Hispanic Blacks	0.468	0.634	0.544	1	0.461	1.596	0.461	5.527
Native Americans	0.320	0.655	0.239	1	0.625	1.377	0.381	4.976
Diabetes mellitus	0.221	0.334	0.436	1	0.509	1.247	0.647	2.401
Hypertension	-0.650	0.545	1.420	1	0.233	0.522	0.179	1.520
Coronary artery disease	-0.259	0.373	0.480	1	0.488	0.772	0.371	1.605
Chronic kidney disease	-0.918	0.352	6.807	1	0.009	0.400	0.201	0.796
Age dichotomized (< 65 years)	0.337	0.353	0.908	1	0.341	1.401	0.700	2.800
Constant	2.101	0.724	8.434	1	0.004	8.175

Table 6. Multivariable Logistic Regression Analysis for Readmission in COVID-19 Patients

Wald

Sig. (P)

Exp(B) (OR)

95% CI for EXP(B)

Lower

Upper

CI: confidence interval; COVID-19: coronavirus disease 2019; OR: odds ratio; SE: standard error.

On aspirin

0.057

0.357

0.025

0.874

1.058

0.525

2.132

Gender (male)

-0.068

0.328

0.043

0.836

0.934

0.491

1.777

Recategorized race

1.089

0.780

Non-Hispanic Whites

0.622

0.657

0.898

0.343

1.863

0.514

6.745

Non-Hispanic Blacks

0.468

0.634

0.544

0.461

1.596

0.461

5.527

Native Americans

0.320

0.655

0.239

0.625

1.377

0.381

4.976

Diabetes mellitus

0.221

0.334

0.436

0.509

1.247

0.647

2.401

Hypertension

-0.650

0.545

1.420

0.233

0.522

0.179

1.520

Coronary artery disease

-0.259

0.373

0.480

0.488

0.772

0.371

1.605

Chronic kidney disease

-0.918

0.352

6.807

0.009

0.400

0.201

0.796

Age dichotomized (< 65 years)

0.337

0.353

0.908

0.341

1.401

0.700

2.800

Constant

2.101

0.724

8.434

0.004

8.175

**Table 7.** Multivariable Logistic Regression Analysis for Mortality in COVID-19 Patients
	B	SE	Wald	df	Sig. (P)	Exp(B) (OR)	95% CI for EXP(B)
CI: confidence interval; COVID-19: coronavirus disease 2019; OR: odds ratio; SE: standard error.
On aspirin	-0.155	0.294	0.278	1	0.598	0.856	0.481	1.524
Gender (male)	-0.319	0.272	1.369	1	0.242	0.727	0.427	1.240
Recategorized race			2.967	3	0.397
Non-Hispanic Whites	0.026	0.625	0.002	1	0.966	1.027	0.302	3.495
Non-Hispanic Blacks	-0.474	0.609	0.606	1	0.436	0.622	0.188	2.054
Native Americans	-0.487	0.627	0.603	1	0.437	0.615	0.180	2.099
Diabetes mellitus	0.065	0.278	0.054	1	0.816	1.067	0.618	1.841
Hypertension	0.026	0.393	0.004	1	0.947	1.026	0.475	2.216
Coronary artery disease	0.377	0.330	1.303	1	0.254	1.458	0.763	2.785
Chronic kidney disease	-0.559	0.312	3.195	1	0.074	0.572	0.310	1.055
Age dichotomized (< 65 years)	1.058	0.296	12.761	1	< 0.001	2.881	1.612	5.148
Constant	1.361	0.642	4.500	1	0.034	3.899

Table 7. Multivariable Logistic Regression Analysis for Mortality in COVID-19 Patients

Wald

Sig. (P)

Exp(B) (OR)

95% CI for EXP(B)

Lower

Upper

CI: confidence interval; COVID-19: coronavirus disease 2019; OR: odds ratio; SE: standard error.

On aspirin

-0.155

0.294

0.278

0.598

0.856

0.481

1.524

Gender (male)

-0.319

0.272

1.369

0.242

0.727

0.427

1.240

Recategorized race

2.967

0.397

Non-Hispanic Whites

0.026

0.625

0.002

0.966

1.027

0.302

3.495

Non-Hispanic Blacks

-0.474

0.609

0.606

0.436

0.622

0.188

2.054

Native Americans

-0.487

0.627

0.603

0.437

0.615

0.180

2.099

Diabetes mellitus

0.065

0.278

0.054

0.816

1.067

0.618

1.841

Hypertension

0.026

0.393

0.004

0.947

1.026

0.475

2.216

Coronary artery disease

0.377

0.330

1.303

0.254

1.458

0.763

2.785

Chronic kidney disease

-0.559

0.312

3.195

0.074

0.572

0.310

1.055

Age dichotomized (< 65 years)

1.058

0.296

12.761

< 0.001

2.881

1.612

5.148

Constant

1.361

0.642

4.500

0.034

3.899