Cardiol Res

Cardiology Research, ISSN 1923-2829 print, 1923-2837 online, Open Access

Article copyright, the authors; Journal compilation copyright, Cardiol Res and Elmer Press Inc

Journal website https://www.cardiologyres.org

Original Article

Volume 15, Number 3, June 2024, pages 134-143

Association Between Major Adverse Cardiovascular Events and Left Ventricular Mass Index in Patients Who Have Undergone Coronary Computed Tomography Angiography: From the FU-CCTA Registry

Figure 1. LVMI was calculated by dividing the LVM by the BSA of the patient. LVMI: left ventricular volume index; BSA: body surface area.

Figure 2. LV profiles in all patients in the non-MACEs and MACEs groups. *P < 0.05. LV: left ventricle; MACEs: major adverse cardiovascular events; LVMI: LV mass index; LVEF: LV ejection fraction; LVEDV: left ventricular end-diastolic volume; LVESV: left ventricular end-systolic volume; N.S.: not significant.

Figure 3. LV profiles in males in the non-MACEs and MACEs groups. *P < 0.05. LV: left ventricle; MACEs: major adverse cardiovascular events; LVMI: LV mass index; LVEF: LV ejection fraction; LVEDV: left ventricular end-diastolic volume; LVESV: left ventricular end-systolic volume; N.S.: not significant.

Figure 4. LV profiles in females in the non-MACEs and MACEs groups. *P < 0.05. LV: left ventricle; MACEs: major adverse cardiovascular events; LVMI: LV mass index; LVEF: LV ejection fraction; LVEDV: left ventricular end-diastolic volume; LVESV: left ventricular end-systolic volume; N.S.: not significant.

**Table 1.** All Patient Characteristics at Baseline in Non-MACEs and MACEs Groups
	All patients (n = 520)	Non-MACEs group (n = 478)	MACEs group (n = 42)	P-value (non-MACEs vs. MACEs group)
Continuous variables are expressed as mean ± SD. α-GI: α-glucosidase inhibitor; ACEi/ARB: angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitor/angiotensin II receptor blocker; BMI: body mass index; CAC: coronary artery calcium; CAD: coronary artery disease; CCB: calcium channel blocker; DBP: diastolic blood pressure; DL: dyslipidemia; DPP-4i: dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor; DU: diuretic; eGFR: estimated glomerular filtration rate; EPA: eicosapentaenoic acid; FBG: fasting blood glucose; HbA1c: hemoglobin A1c; HDL-C: high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-C: low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; L/H: a ratio of LDL-C to HDL-C; MACEs: major adverse cardiovascular events; Non-HDL-C: total cholesterol minus HDL-C; SBP: systolic blood pressure; SU: sulfonylurea; TG: triglyceride; VD: vessel disease.
Age (years)	66 ± 11	66 ± 11	69 ± 11	0.107
Gender (male), %	50.2	48.1	73.8	0.001
BMI, kg/m²	23.9 ± 3.6	23.9 ± 3.6	23.3 ± 3.7	0.231
Family history of CAD, %	22.9	23.4	16.7	0.318
Smoking, %	37.5	35.8	57.1	0.006
Hypertension, %	68.8	68	78.6	0.156
SBP, mm Hg	136 ± 20	135 ± 20	139 ± 22	0.205
DBP, mm Hg	77 ± 13	77 ± 13	76 ± 14	0.68
DM, %	23.8	23.4	28.6	0.456
HbA1c, %	6.02 ±1.09	6.01 ± 1.06	6.11 ± 1.47	0.56
FBG, mg/dL	111 ± 3 5	110 ± 35	116 ± 31	0.289
Dyslipidemia, %	59.8	60	57	0.71
TG, mg/dL	134 ± 94	133 ± 94	139 ± 97	0.72
HDL-C, mg/dL	55 ± 15	56 ± 15	52 ± 18	0.116
LDL-C, mg/dL	113 ± 32	113 ± 32	111 ± 35	0.638
L/H	2.19	2.17	2.36	0.174
Non-HDL-C, mg/dL	142 ± 39	143 ± 38	135 ± 48	0.199
Chronic kidney disease, %	29.8	28.7	42.9	0.054
eGFR, L/min/1.73 m²	67.7 ± 16.2	68 ± 16.3	63.9 ± 15.3	0.112
Metabolic syndrome, %		35.2	46.3	0.155
CAD, %	55.2	53.3	76.2	0.004
VD	1.01 ± 1.08	0.958 ± 1.05	1.64 ± 1.19	< 0.001
CAC score	261 ± 724	218 ± 585	750 ± 1,545	< 0.001
Gensini score	12.3 ± 15.8	11.1 ± 12.8	26.5 ± 32.5	< 0.001
Medications
ARB/ACEi, %	40	39.1	38.1	0.168
CCB, %	38.3	38.3	38.1	0.981
β-blocker, %	11	11.3	7.1	0.41
DU, %	10.8	10.9	9.5	0.786
Statin, %	34.8	35.1	31	0.585
EPA, %	3.3	3.3	2.4	0.736
SU, %	10.2	9.4	19	0.063
α-GI, %	3.5	3.6	2.4	0.69
Biguanide, %	7.7	7.5	9.5	0.643
Thiazolizine, %	2.3	2.3	2.4	0.974
Insulin, %	4.2	4.2	4.8	0.856
DPP-4i, %	11.3	10.9	16.7	0.258

Table 1. All Patient Characteristics at Baseline in Non-MACEs and MACEs Groups

All patients (n = 520)

Non-MACEs group (n = 478)

MACEs group (n = 42)

P-value (non-MACEs vs. MACEs group)

Continuous variables are expressed as mean ± SD. α-GI: α-glucosidase inhibitor; ACEi/ARB: angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitor/angiotensin II receptor blocker; BMI: body mass index; CAC: coronary artery calcium; CAD: coronary artery disease; CCB: calcium channel blocker; DBP: diastolic blood pressure; DL: dyslipidemia; DPP-4i: dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor; DU: diuretic; eGFR: estimated glomerular filtration rate; EPA: eicosapentaenoic acid; FBG: fasting blood glucose; HbA1c: hemoglobin A1c; HDL-C: high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-C: low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; L/H: a ratio of LDL-C to HDL-C; MACEs: major adverse cardiovascular events; Non-HDL-C: total cholesterol minus HDL-C; SBP: systolic blood pressure; SU: sulfonylurea; TG: triglyceride; VD: vessel disease.

Age (years)

66 ± 11

69 ± 11

0.107

Gender (male), %

50.2

48.1

73.8

0.001

BMI, kg/m²

23.9 ± 3.6

23.3 ± 3.7

0.231

Family history of CAD, %

22.9

23.4

16.7

0.318

Smoking, %

37.5

35.8

57.1

0.006

Hypertension, %

68.8

78.6

0.156

SBP, mm Hg

136 ± 20

135 ± 20

139 ± 22

0.205

DBP, mm Hg

77 ± 13

76 ± 14

0.68

DM, %

23.8

23.4

28.6

0.456

HbA1c, %

6.02 ±1.09

6.01 ± 1.06

6.11 ± 1.47

0.56

FBG, mg/dL

111 ± 3 5

110 ± 35

116 ± 31

0.289

Dyslipidemia, %

59.8

0.71

TG, mg/dL

134 ± 94

133 ± 94

139 ± 97

0.72

HDL-C, mg/dL

55 ± 15

56 ± 15

52 ± 18

0.116

LDL-C, mg/dL

113 ± 32

111 ± 35

0.638

L/H

2.19

2.17

2.36

0.174

Non-HDL-C, mg/dL

142 ± 39

143 ± 38

135 ± 48

0.199

Chronic kidney disease, %

29.8

28.7

42.9

0.054

eGFR, L/min/1.73 m²

67.7 ± 16.2

68 ± 16.3

63.9 ± 15.3

0.112

Metabolic syndrome, %

35.2

46.3

0.155

CAD, %

55.2

53.3

76.2

0.004

1.01 ± 1.08

0.958 ± 1.05

1.64 ± 1.19

< 0.001

CAC score

261 ± 724

218 ± 585

750 ± 1,545

< 0.001

Gensini score

12.3 ± 15.8

11.1 ± 12.8

26.5 ± 32.5

< 0.001

Medications

ARB/ACEi, %

39.1

38.1

0.168

CCB, %

38.3

38.1

0.981

β-blocker, %

11.3

7.1

0.41

DU, %

10.8

10.9

9.5

0.786

Statin, %

34.8

35.1

0.585

EPA, %

3.3

2.4

0.736

SU, %

10.2

9.4

0.063

α-GI, %

3.5

3.6

2.4

0.69

Biguanide, %

7.7

7.5

9.5

0.643

Thiazolizine, %

2.3

2.4

0.974

Insulin, %

4.2

4.8

0.856

DPP-4i, %

11.3

10.9

16.7

0.258

**Table 2.** Patient Characteristics at Baseline in Non-MACEs and MACEs Groups in Males
	Non-MACEs group (n = 230)	MACEs group (n = 31)	P-value (non-MACEs vs. MACEs group)
Continuous variables are expressed as mean ± SD. BMI: body mass index; CAD: coronary artery disease; DBP: diastolic blood pressure; eGFR: estimated glomerular filtration rate; FBG: fasting blood glucose; HbA1c: hemoglobin A1c; HDL-C: high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-C: low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; L/H: a ratio of LDL-C to HDL-C; MACEs: major adverse cardiovascular events; Non-HDL-C: total cholesterol minus HDL-C; SBP: systolic blood pressure; TG: triglyceride; .
Age, years	63 ± 12	68 ± 13	0.028
BMI, kg/m²	24.2 ± 3.4	22.9 ± 3.0	0.042
Family history of CAD, %	21	9	0.141
Smoking, %	60.9	64.5	0.697
Hypertension, %	68.3	74.2	0.505
SBP, mm Hg	137 ± 19	139 ± 17	0.681
DBP, mm Hg	80 ± 12	76 ± 10	0.117
Diabetes mellitus, %	31.3	29	0.798
HbA1c, %	6.1 ± 1.2	6.2 ± 1.0	0.92
FBG, mg/dL	115 ± 37	115 ± 30	0.995
Dyslipidemia, %	60	54.8	0.585
TG, mg/dL	146 ± 118	140 ± 83	0.774
HDL-C, mg/dL	52 ± 14	55 ± 18	0.656
LDL-C, mg/dL	106 ± 28	114 ± 36	0.342
L/H	2.23 ± 0.79	2.50 ± 1.16	0.095
Non-HDL-C, mg/dL	137 ± 38	140 ± 41	0.743

Table 2. Patient Characteristics at Baseline in Non-MACEs and MACEs Groups in Males

Non-MACEs group (n = 230)

MACEs group (n = 31)

P-value (non-MACEs vs. MACEs group)

Continuous variables are expressed as mean ± SD. BMI: body mass index; CAD: coronary artery disease; DBP: diastolic blood pressure; eGFR: estimated glomerular filtration rate; FBG: fasting blood glucose; HbA1c: hemoglobin A1c; HDL-C: high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-C: low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; L/H: a ratio of LDL-C to HDL-C; MACEs: major adverse cardiovascular events; Non-HDL-C: total cholesterol minus HDL-C; SBP: systolic blood pressure; TG: triglyceride; .

Age, years

63 ± 12

68 ± 13

0.028

BMI, kg/m²

24.2 ± 3.4

22.9 ± 3.0

0.042

Family history of CAD, %

0.141

Smoking, %

60.9

64.5

0.697

Hypertension, %

68.3

74.2

0.505

SBP, mm Hg

137 ± 19

139 ± 17

0.681

DBP, mm Hg

80 ± 12

76 ± 10

0.117

Diabetes mellitus, %

31.3

0.798

HbA1c, %

6.1 ± 1.2

6.2 ± 1.0

0.92

FBG, mg/dL

115 ± 37

115 ± 30

0.995

Dyslipidemia, %

54.8

0.585

TG, mg/dL

146 ± 118

140 ± 83

0.774

HDL-C, mg/dL

52 ± 14

55 ± 18

0.656

LDL-C, mg/dL

106 ± 28

114 ± 36

0.342

L/H

2.23 ± 0.79

2.50 ± 1.16

0.095

Non-HDL-C, mg/dL

137 ± 38

140 ± 41

0.743

**Table 3.** Patient Characteristics at Baseline in Non-MACEs and MACEs Groups in Females
	Non-MACEs group (n = 248)	MACEs group (n = 11)	P-value (non-MACEs vs. MACEs group)
Continuous variables are expressed as mean ± SD. BMI: body mass index; CAD: coronary artery disease; DBP: diastolic blood pressure; eGFR: estimated glomerular filtration rate; FBG: fasting blood glucose; HbA1c: hemoglobin A1c; HDL-C: high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-C: low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; L/H: a ratio of LDL-C to HDL-C; MACEs: major adverse cardiovascular events; Non-HDL-C: total cholesterol minus HDL-C; SBP: systolic blood pressure; TG: triglyceride.
Age, years	68 ± 10	70 ± 6	0.64
BMI, kg/m²	23.6 ± 3.7	24.3 ± 5.2	0.627
Family history of CAD, %	25.8	36.4	0.438
Smoking, %	12.5	36.4	0.028
Hypertension, %	67.7	90.9	0.106
SBP, mm Hg	134 ± 20	142 ± 32	0.212
DBP, mm Hg	74 ± 12	76 ± 21	0.678
Diabetes mellitus, %	16.1	27.3	0.333
HbA1c, %	5.9 ± 0.9	6.0 ± 2.4	0.825
FBG, mg/dL	106 ± 33	120 ± 35	0.172
Dyslipidemia, %	60.1	63.6	0.814
TG, mg/dL	121 ± 62	135 ± 136	0.526
HDL-C, mg/dL	52 ± 14	51 ± 18	0.656
LDL-C, mg/dL	117 ± 34	101 ± 31	0.12
L/H	2.12 ± 0.85	1.94 ± 0.56	0.495
Non-HDL-C, mg/dL	147 ± 37	119 ± 63	0.017

Table 3. Patient Characteristics at Baseline in Non-MACEs and MACEs Groups in Females

Non-MACEs group (n = 248)

MACEs group (n = 11)

P-value (non-MACEs vs. MACEs group)

Age, years

68 ± 10

70 ± 6

0.64

BMI, kg/m²

23.6 ± 3.7

24.3 ± 5.2

0.627

Family history of CAD, %

25.8

36.4

0.438

Smoking, %

12.5

36.4

0.028

Hypertension, %

67.7

90.9

0.106

SBP, mm Hg

134 ± 20

142 ± 32

0.212

DBP, mm Hg

74 ± 12

76 ± 21

0.678

Diabetes mellitus, %

16.1

27.3

0.333

HbA1c, %

5.9 ± 0.9

6.0 ± 2.4

0.825

FBG, mg/dL

106 ± 33

120 ± 35

0.172

Dyslipidemia, %

60.1

63.6

0.814

TG, mg/dL

121 ± 62

135 ± 136

0.526

HDL-C, mg/dL

52 ± 14

51 ± 18

0.656

LDL-C, mg/dL

117 ± 34

101 ± 31

0.12

L/H

2.12 ± 0.85

1.94 ± 0.56

0.495

Non-HDL-C, mg/dL

147 ± 37

119 ± 63

0.017

**Table 4.** The Univariate and Multivariate Logistic Regression Analysis of Risk Factors for MACEs
	Univariate analyses	Multivariate analyses
BMI: body mass index; CAD: coronary artery disease; LVMI: left ventricular mass index; MACEs: major adverse cardiovascular events.
All patients
Age	1.03	0.994 - 1.06	0.107	1.25	0.988 - 1.064	0.185
Male	3.04	1.49 - 6.19	0.002	2.457	1.048 - 5.762	0.039
BMI	0.944	0.859 - 1.04	0.23	0.94	0.845 - 1.046	0.255
Hypertension	1.73	0.806 - 3.7	0.16	1.435	0.639 - 3.226	0.382
Dyslipidemia	0.887	0.469 - 1.68	0.713	0.874	0.446 - 1.713	0.695
Diabetes mellitus	1.31	0.648 - 2.64	0.455	1.069	0.507 - 2.253	0.862
Family history of CAD	0.654	0.283 - 1.51	0.32	0.762	0.32 - 1.811	0.538
Smoking	2.39	1.26 - 4.54	0.007	1.54	0.72 - 2.253	0.266
Chronic kidney disease	1.87	0.982 - 3.55	0.057	1.556	0.767 - 3.156	0.22
LVMI	1.01	1.00 - 1.02	0.024	1.011	0.999 - 1.022	0.072
Males
Age	1.04	1.00 - 1.08	0.029	1.025	0.981 - 1.071	0.268
BMI	0.868	0.757 - 0.995	0.042	0.898	0.756 - 1.02	0.089
Hypertension	1.34	0.571 - 3.13	0.504	1.121	0.443 - 2.835	0.809
Dyslipidemia	0.81	0.381 - 1.72	0.583	0.976	0.433 - 2.201	0.954
Diabetes mellitus	0.898	0.394 - 2.05	0.797	0.899	0.379 - 2.131	0.808
Smoking	1.17	0.535 - 2.55	0.696	1.03	0.444 - 2.391	0.945
Family history of CAD	0.406	0.118 - 1.39	0.152	0.436	0.122 - 1.557	0.201
Chronic kidney disease	2.09	0.967 - 4.53	0.061	1.802	0.753 - 4.309	0.186
LVMI	1.02	1.00 - 1.03	0.057	1.018	1.002 - 1.035	0.03
Females
Age	1.02	0.951 - 1.08	0.64	1.019	0.948 - 1.095	0.673
BMI	1.04	0.891 - 1.22	0.616	1.032	0.865 - 1.232	0.724
Hypertension	4.76	0.599 - 37.8	0.14	3.981	0.456 - 34.74	0.211
Dyslipidemia	1.16	0.332 - 4.08	0.814	0.775	0.199 - 3.009	0.712
Diabetes mellitus	1.95	0.496 - 7.67	0.339	1.862	0.425 - 8.166	0.41
Smoking	4	1.11 - 14.5	0.035	4.68	1.173 - 18.68	0.029
Family history of CAD	1.64	0.466 - 5.80	0.44	1.275	0.324 - 5.008	0.728
Chronic kidney disease	1.82	0.538 - 6.13	0.336	1.477	0.387 - 5.633	0.568
LVMI	1	0.981 - 1.03	0.789	1.062	0.977 - 1.028	0.867

Table 4. The Univariate and Multivariate Logistic Regression Analysis of Risk Factors for MACEs

Univariate analyses

Multivariate analyses

Odds ratio

95% CI

P-value

Odds ratio

95% CI

P-value

BMI: body mass index; CAD: coronary artery disease; LVMI: left ventricular mass index; MACEs: major adverse cardiovascular events.

All patients

Age

1.03

0.994 - 1.06

0.107

1.25

0.988 - 1.064

0.185

Male

3.04

1.49 - 6.19

0.002

2.457

1.048 - 5.762

0.039

BMI

0.944

0.859 - 1.04

0.23

0.94

0.845 - 1.046

0.255

Hypertension

1.73

0.806 - 3.7

0.16

1.435

0.639 - 3.226

0.382

Dyslipidemia

0.887

0.469 - 1.68

0.713

0.874

0.446 - 1.713

0.695

Diabetes mellitus

1.31

0.648 - 2.64

0.455

1.069

0.507 - 2.253

0.862

Family history of CAD

0.654

0.283 - 1.51

0.32

0.762

0.32 - 1.811

0.538

Smoking

2.39

1.26 - 4.54

0.007

1.54

0.72 - 2.253

0.266

Chronic kidney disease

1.87

0.982 - 3.55

0.057

1.556

0.767 - 3.156

0.22

LVMI

1.01

1.00 - 1.02

0.024

1.011

0.999 - 1.022

0.072

Males

Age

1.04

1.00 - 1.08

0.029

1.025

0.981 - 1.071

0.268

BMI

0.868

0.757 - 0.995

0.042

0.898

0.756 - 1.02

0.089

Hypertension

1.34

0.571 - 3.13

0.504

1.121

0.443 - 2.835

0.809

Dyslipidemia

0.81

0.381 - 1.72

0.583

0.976

0.433 - 2.201

0.954

Diabetes mellitus

0.898

0.394 - 2.05

0.797

0.899

0.379 - 2.131

0.808

Smoking

1.17

0.535 - 2.55

0.696

1.03

0.444 - 2.391

0.945

Family history of CAD

0.406

0.118 - 1.39

0.152

0.436

0.122 - 1.557

0.201

Chronic kidney disease

2.09

0.967 - 4.53

0.061

1.802

0.753 - 4.309

0.186

LVMI

1.02

1.00 - 1.03

0.057

1.018

1.002 - 1.035

0.03

Females

Age

1.02

0.951 - 1.08

0.64

1.019

0.948 - 1.095

0.673

BMI

1.04

0.891 - 1.22

0.616

1.032

0.865 - 1.232

0.724

Hypertension

4.76

0.599 - 37.8

0.14

3.981

0.456 - 34.74

0.211

Dyslipidemia

1.16

0.332 - 4.08

0.814

0.775

0.199 - 3.009

0.712

Diabetes mellitus

1.95

0.496 - 7.67

0.339

1.862

0.425 - 8.166

0.41

Smoking

1.11 - 14.5

0.035

4.68

1.173 - 18.68

0.029

Family history of CAD

1.64

0.466 - 5.80

0.44

1.275

0.324 - 5.008

0.728

Chronic kidney disease

1.82

0.538 - 6.13

0.336

1.477

0.387 - 5.633

0.568

LVMI

0.981 - 1.03

0.789

1.062

0.977 - 1.028

0.867