Cardiol Res

Cardiology Research, ISSN 1923-2829 print, 1923-2837 online, Open Access

Article copyright, the authors; Journal compilation copyright, Cardiol Res and Elmer Press Inc

Journal website https://www.cardiologyres.org

Original Article

Volume 15, Number 4, August 2024, pages 309-313

Remote Ischemic Conditioning Improves Cardiovascular Function in Heart Failure Patients

**Table 1.** Baseline Characteristics of Patients in the Control and RIC Groups
	Control (n = 20)	RIC (n = 20)	P value
Data are presented as number or mean (SEM). Student’s t-test or χ² test, as appropriate. ACE: angiotensin-converting enzyme; ARB: angiotensin receptor blocker; BMI: body mass index; NYHA: New York Heart Association; LA: left atrial dimension; LVDd: left ventricular end diastolic dimension; LVSd: left ventricular end systolic dimension; LVEF: left ventricular ejection fraction; RIC: remote ischemic conditioning.
Age, years	68.4 ± 2.77	65.8 ± 2.35	0.55
Male/female	10/10	9/11	0.25
NYHA class	3.15 ± 0.15	3.25 ± 0.12	0.61
BMI (kg/m²)	24.74 ± 0.78	24.93 ± 0.87	0.38
Heart rate (bpm)	70.15 ± 1.64	68.65 ± 1.74	0.3
Systolic blood pressure (mm Hg)	137.25 ± 2.68	135.75 ± 3.41	0.39
Diastolic blood pressure (mm Hg)	79.1 ± 2.01	80.45 ± 2.02	0.3
Echocardiography
LA (mm)	47.85 ± 1.71	50.55 ± 1.94	0.31
LVDd (mm)	58.74 ± 1.86	53.04 ± 1.79	0.07
LVSd (mm)	47.4 ± 2.24	39.96 ± 1.84	0.06
LVEF (%)	33.23 ± 1.76	37.11 ± 1.72	0.09
Past medical illness
Hypertension	20	20	1
Coronary artery disease	20	20	1
Diabetes mellitus	13	13	1
Cardiac medications
Beta-blockers	20	20	1
ACE inhibitors or ARBs	20	20	1
Diuretics	16	17	0.55
Digoxin	12	12	1
Antiplatelets	20	20	1
Nitrates	20	20	1

Table 1. Baseline Characteristics of Patients in the Control and RIC Groups

Control (n = 20)

RIC (n = 20)

P value

Data are presented as number or mean (SEM). Student’s t-test or χ² test, as appropriate. ACE: angiotensin-converting enzyme; ARB: angiotensin receptor blocker; BMI: body mass index; NYHA: New York Heart Association; LA: left atrial dimension; LVDd: left ventricular end diastolic dimension; LVSd: left ventricular end systolic dimension; LVEF: left ventricular ejection fraction; RIC: remote ischemic conditioning.

Age, years

68.4 ± 2.77

65.8 ± 2.35

0.55

Male/female

10/10

9/11

0.25

NYHA class

3.15 ± 0.15

3.25 ± 0.12

0.61

BMI (kg/m²)

24.74 ± 0.78

24.93 ± 0.87

0.38

Heart rate (bpm)

70.15 ± 1.64

68.65 ± 1.74

0.3

Systolic blood pressure (mm Hg)

137.25 ± 2.68

135.75 ± 3.41

0.39

Diastolic blood pressure (mm Hg)

79.1 ± 2.01

80.45 ± 2.02

0.3

Echocardiography

LA (mm)

47.85 ± 1.71

50.55 ± 1.94

0.31

LVDd (mm)

58.74 ± 1.86

53.04 ± 1.79

0.07

LVSd (mm)

47.4 ± 2.24

39.96 ± 1.84

0.06

LVEF (%)

33.23 ± 1.76

37.11 ± 1.72

0.09

Past medical illness

Hypertension

Coronary artery disease

Diabetes mellitus

Cardiac medications

Beta-blockers

ACE inhibitors or ARBs

Diuretics

0.55

Digoxin

Antiplatelets

Nitrates

**Table 2.** Changes in Cardiovascular Function of Patients at Baseline and at Final Evaluation in the Control and RIC Groups
	Control (n = 20)	RIC (n = 20)	P value*
Data are presented as number or mean (SEM). Student’s t-test or χ² test, as appropriate. NYHA: New York Heart Association; LA: left atrial dimension; LVDd: left ventricular end diastolic dimension; LVSd: left ventricular end systolic dimension; LVEF: left ventricular ejection fraction; RIC: remote ischemic conditioning. *Compared the differences from basal to final evaluation of RIC group with those of control group.
NYHA class	3.15 ± 0.15	2.95 ± 0.2	0.3	3.25 ± 0.12	1.2 ± 0.09	< 0.0001	< 0.0001
LA (mm)	47.85 ± 1.71	48.35 ± 1.92	0.75	50.55 ± 1.94	43.25 ± 1.35	0.31	0.03
LVDd (mm)	58.74 ± 1.86	58.95 ± 2.79	0.91	53.04 ± 1.79	50.15 ± 1.62	0.07	0.02
LVSd (mm)	47.4 ± 2.24	49.7 ± 3.02	0.05	39.96 ± 1.84	35.65 ± 1.69	0.02	0.001
LVEF (%)	33.23 ± 1.76	29.39 ± 2.17	0.02	37.11 ± 1.72	52.44 ± 2.27	< 0.0001	< 0.0001

Table 2. Changes in Cardiovascular Function of Patients at Baseline and at Final Evaluation in the Control and RIC Groups

Control (n = 20)

RIC (n = 20)

P value*

Baseline

Final

P value

Baseline

Final

P value

Data are presented as number or mean (SEM). Student’s t-test or χ² test, as appropriate. NYHA: New York Heart Association; LA: left atrial dimension; LVDd: left ventricular end diastolic dimension; LVSd: left ventricular end systolic dimension; LVEF: left ventricular ejection fraction; RIC: remote ischemic conditioning. *Compared the differences from basal to final evaluation of RIC group with those of control group.

NYHA class

3.15 ± 0.15

2.95 ± 0.2

0.3

3.25 ± 0.12

1.2 ± 0.09

< 0.0001

LA (mm)

47.85 ± 1.71

48.35 ± 1.92

0.75

50.55 ± 1.94

43.25 ± 1.35

0.31

0.03

LVDd (mm)

58.74 ± 1.86

58.95 ± 2.79

0.91

53.04 ± 1.79

50.15 ± 1.62

0.07

0.02

LVSd (mm)

47.4 ± 2.24

49.7 ± 3.02

0.05

39.96 ± 1.84

35.65 ± 1.69

0.02

0.001

LVEF (%)

33.23 ± 1.76

29.39 ± 2.17

0.02

37.11 ± 1.72

52.44 ± 2.27

< 0.0001