Cardiol Res

Cardiology Research, ISSN 1923-2829 print, 1923-2837 online, Open Access

Article copyright, the authors; Journal compilation copyright, Cardiol Res and Elmer Press Inc

Journal website https://www.cardiologyres.org

Original Article

Volume 15, Number 5, October 2024, pages 369-376

The Impact of Remote Ischemic Preconditioning on Inflammation Markers in Patients Undergoing Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting

**Table 1.** Baseline, Clinical and Operative Characteristics of the Patients
Variable	RIPC group (n = 40)	Control group (n = 40)	P value
M: male; BMI: body mass index; HTN: hypertension; T2DM: type 2 diabetes mellitus; AP: angina pectoris; MI: myocardial infarction; CPB: cardio-pulmonary bypass; ICU: intensive care unit; RIPC: remote ischemic preconditioning.
Gender - M, n, (%)	34 (85)	29 (72.5)	0.08
Age (years)	64.78 ± 8.06	64.53 ± 8.03	0.90
BMI (kg/m²)	28.60 ± 4.16	28.62 ± 4.16	0.98
Smoking, n, (%)	9 (22.5)	6 (15)	0.08
Dyslipidemia, n, (%)	40 (100)	37 (92.5)	0.10
HTN, n, (%)	39 (97.5)	37 (92.5)	0.21
T2DM, n, (%)	16 (40)	15 (37.5)	0.36
AP, n, (%)	40 (100)	40 (100)	0.99
Old MI, n, (%)	12 (30)	17 (42.5)	0.11
Stroke, n, (%)	2 (5)	2 (5)	0.98
Syntax I (score)	29.58 ± 7.94	30.51 ± 8.51	0.61
Aortic clamp time (min)	71.25 ± 27.70	71.48 ± 27.41	0.97
CPB time (min)	87.72 ± 28.64	87.91 ± 28.39	0.97
Days in ICU (day)	3.86 ± 1.30	3.87 ± 1.30	0.97
Days in Hospital (day)	10.45 ± 2.85	10.46 ± 2.83	0.98

Table 1. Baseline, Clinical and Operative Characteristics of the Patients

Variable

RIPC group (n = 40)

Control group (n = 40)

P value

M: male; BMI: body mass index; HTN: hypertension; T2DM: type 2 diabetes mellitus; AP: angina pectoris; MI: myocardial infarction; CPB: cardio-pulmonary bypass; ICU: intensive care unit; RIPC: remote ischemic preconditioning.

Gender - M, n, (%)

34 (85)

29 (72.5)

0.08

Age (years)

64.78 ± 8.06

64.53 ± 8.03

0.90

BMI (kg/m²)

28.60 ± 4.16

28.62 ± 4.16

0.98

Smoking, n, (%)

9 (22.5)

6 (15)

0.08

Dyslipidemia, n, (%)

40 (100)

37 (92.5)

0.10

HTN, n, (%)

39 (97.5)

37 (92.5)

0.21

T2DM, n, (%)

16 (40)

15 (37.5)

0.36

AP, n, (%)

40 (100)

0.99

Old MI, n, (%)

12 (30)

17 (42.5)

0.11

Stroke, n, (%)

2 (5)

0.98

Syntax I (score)

29.58 ± 7.94

30.51 ± 8.51

0.61

Aortic clamp time (min)

71.25 ± 27.70

71.48 ± 27.41

0.97

CPB time (min)

87.72 ± 28.64

87.91 ± 28.39

0.97

Days in ICU (day)

3.86 ± 1.30

3.87 ± 1.30

0.97

Days in Hospital (day)

10.45 ± 2.85

10.46 ± 2.83

0.98

**Table 2.** IL-1, IL-6, hsTnI and CRP Under RIPC on Patients Undergoing CABG
	Without RIPC	With RIPC	P value
P ≤ 0.01; P < 0.05; ***P < 0.0001. IL: interleukin; hsTnI: high-sensitivity troponin I; CRP: C-reactive protein; RIPC: remote ischemic preconditioning; CABG: coronary artery bypass grafting; V: visit.
IL-1 (pg/mL)
V1	16.78 ± 13.17	14.57 ± 11.17	0.42
V2	5.56 ± 4.90	2.85 ± 2.24	0.0021**
V3	6.54 ± 5.10	2.75 ± 2.06	< 0.0001****
IL-6 (pg/mL)
V1	77.66 ± 9.43	80.59 ± 10.89	0.20
V2	22.83 ± 13.39	16.43 ± 9.73	0.01*
V3	6.54 ± 5.10	2.75 ± 2.06	< 0.0001****
hsTnI (pg/mL)
V1	0.05 ± 0.02	0.03 ± 0.01	0.10
V2	1.22 ± 0.97	0.97 ± 0.76	0.20
V3	1.04 ± 0.80	0.91 ± 0.69	0.43
CRP (mg/mL)
V1	0.80 ± 0.58	0.76 ± 0.52	0.74
V2	6.43 ± 4.36	6.35 ± 4.28	0.93
V3	2.31 ± 1.54	2.18 ± 1.38	0.69

Table 2. IL-1, IL-6, hsTnI and CRP Under RIPC on Patients Undergoing CABG

Without RIPC

With RIPC

P value

*P ≤ 0.01; **P < 0.05; ****P < 0.0001. IL: interleukin; hsTnI: high-sensitivity troponin I; CRP: C-reactive protein; RIPC: remote ischemic preconditioning; CABG: coronary artery bypass grafting; V: visit.

IL-1 (pg/mL)

16.78 ± 13.17

14.57 ± 11.17

0.42

5.56 ± 4.90

2.85 ± 2.24

0.0021**

6.54 ± 5.10

2.75 ± 2.06

< 0.0001****

IL-6 (pg/mL)

77.66 ± 9.43

80.59 ± 10.89

0.20

22.83 ± 13.39

16.43 ± 9.73

0.01*

6.54 ± 5.10

2.75 ± 2.06

< 0.0001****

hsTnI (pg/mL)

0.05 ± 0.02

0.03 ± 0.01

0.10

1.22 ± 0.97

0.97 ± 0.76

0.20

1.04 ± 0.80

0.91 ± 0.69

0.43

CRP (mg/mL)

0.80 ± 0.58

0.76 ± 0.52

0.74

6.43 ± 4.36

6.35 ± 4.28

0.93

2.31 ± 1.54

2.18 ± 1.38

0.69

**Table 3.** Post-Hoc Power Analysis
Power	Without RIPC	With RIPC	Cohen’s \|δ\|	α
RIPC: remote ischemic preconditioning.
0.598	40	40	0.500	0.050

Table 3. Post-Hoc Power Analysis

Power

Without RIPC

With RIPC

Cohen’s |δ|

RIPC: remote ischemic preconditioning.

0.598

0.500

0.050

**Table 4.** Power by Effect Size
True effect size	Power to detect	Description
0 < \|δ\| ≤ 0.444	≤ 50%	Likely miss
0.444 < \|δ\| ≤ 0.634	50-80%	Good chance of missing
0.634 < \|δ\| ≤ 0.816	80-95%	Probably detect
\|δ\| ≥ 0.816	≥ 95%	Almost surely detect

Table 4. Power by Effect Size

True effect size

Power to detect

Description

0 < |δ| ≤ 0.444

≤ 50%

Likely miss

0.444 < |δ| ≤ 0.634

50-80%

Good chance of missing

0.634 < |δ| ≤ 0.816

80-95%

Probably detect

|δ| ≥ 0.816

≥ 95%

Almost surely detect