Cardiol Res

Cardiology Research, ISSN 1923-2829 print, 1923-2837 online, Open Access

Article copyright, the authors; Journal compilation copyright, Cardiol Res and Elmer Press Inc

Journal website https://www.cardiologyres.org

Original Article

Volume 3, Number 4, August 2012, pages 172-179

Assessment of Cardiovascular Risk Factors Among University Students: The Gender Factor

Figure 1. Distribution of CV disease risk factors according to gender (P = 0.001). The numbers in brackets represent the number of participants having the specified figure of CV disease risk factors, while the value above the each column represent the percentage of participants having the particular number of CV disease risk factors.

**Table 1.** Body, Hematological and Biochemical Variables of the Participants According to Gender
Variable	Total (mean ± SD)	Gender
Values are in mean ± SD. RBC: red blood cells; HGB: hemoglobin; HCT: hematocrit; MCV: mean cell volume; TG: triglyceride; HDL: high density lipoprotein; LDL: low density lipoprotein; BMI: body mass index; WHR: waist and hip ratio.
Body height	167.69 ± 9.16	174.97 ± 7.02	162.75 ± 6.86	0.000
Body weight	65.35 ± 14.83	74.45 ± 14.48	59.21 ± 11.56	0.000
Body fat%	24.93 ± 6.20	22.00 ± 6.47	26.78 ± 5.26	0.003
Body water%	54.78 ± 4.51	56.93 ± 4.72	53.43 ± 3.80	0.003
Body muscle%	40.10 ± 4.81	44.84 ± 3.59	37.11 ± 2.53	0.000
BMI	23.12 ± 4.10	24.32 ± 4.31	22.31 ± 3.76	0.000
WHR	0.79 ± 0.07	0.83 ± 0.06	0.76 ± 0.06	0.000
Bone mass	7.57 ± 2.13	9.91 ± 1.29	6.12 ± 0.86	0.948
RBC	5.00 ± 0.55	5.48 ± 0.38	4.69 ± 0.39	0.298
HGB	13.72 ± 1.56	15.29 ± 0.91	12.71 ± 0.93	0.083
HCT	43.27 ± 4.67	47.81 ± 3.09	40.37 ± 2.82	0.020
MCV	86.81 ± 6.36	87.34 ± 5.82	86.46 ± 6.67	0.341
Glucose	4.54 ± 0.49	4.68 ± 0.58	4.45 ± 0.40	0.000
Cholesterol	4.00 ± 0.74	3.97 ± 0.79	4.01 ± 0.71	0.140
TG	1.00 ± 0.52	1.15 ± 0.59	0.90 ± 0.44	0.427
HDL	1.15 ± 0.33	1.02 ± 0.29	1.22 ± 0.33	0.053
LDL	2.41 ± 0.62	2.42 ± 0.65	2.40 ± 0.60	0.156

Table 1. Body, Hematological and Biochemical Variables of the Participants According to Gender

Variable

Total (mean ± SD)

Gender

Male (mean ± SD)

Female (mean ± SD)

P-value

Values are in mean ± SD. RBC: red blood cells; HGB: hemoglobin; HCT: hematocrit; MCV: mean cell volume; TG: triglyceride; HDL: high density lipoprotein; LDL: low density lipoprotein; BMI: body mass index; WHR: waist and hip ratio.

Body height

167.69 ± 9.16

174.97 ± 7.02

162.75 ± 6.86

0.000

Body weight

65.35 ± 14.83

74.45 ± 14.48

59.21 ± 11.56

0.000

Body fat%

24.93 ± 6.20

22.00 ± 6.47

26.78 ± 5.26

0.003

Body water%

54.78 ± 4.51

56.93 ± 4.72

53.43 ± 3.80

0.003

Body muscle%

40.10 ± 4.81

44.84 ± 3.59

37.11 ± 2.53

0.000

BMI

23.12 ± 4.10

24.32 ± 4.31

22.31 ± 3.76

0.000

WHR

0.79 ± 0.07

0.83 ± 0.06

0.76 ± 0.06

0.000

Bone mass

7.57 ± 2.13

9.91 ± 1.29

6.12 ± 0.86

0.948

RBC

5.00 ± 0.55

5.48 ± 0.38

4.69 ± 0.39

0.298

HGB

13.72 ± 1.56

15.29 ± 0.91

12.71 ± 0.93

0.083

HCT

43.27 ± 4.67

47.81 ± 3.09

40.37 ± 2.82

0.020

MCV

86.81 ± 6.36

87.34 ± 5.82

86.46 ± 6.67

0.341

Glucose

4.54 ± 0.49

4.68 ± 0.58

4.45 ± 0.40

0.000

Cholesterol

4.00 ± 0.74

3.97 ± 0.79

4.01 ± 0.71

0.140

1.00 ± 0.52

1.15 ± 0.59

0.90 ± 0.44

0.427

HDL

1.15 ± 0.33

1.02 ± 0.29

1.22 ± 0.33

0.053

LDL

2.41 ± 0.62

2.42 ± 0.65

2.40 ± 0.60

0.156

**Table 2.** Assessment of CVD Risk Factors Among University Students as Total and Divided by Gender
Variable	Total n (%)	Gender	Pearson Chi-Square
Glucose
≤ 5.89 mmol/L	313 (99.40)	120 (38.10)	193 (61.30)	0.074
> 5.89 mmol/L	2 (0.60)	2 (0.60)	0 (0.00)
Cholesterol
< 5.2 mmol/L	299 (94.90)	116 (36.8)	183 (58.10)	0.513
5.2 - 6.2 mmol/L	13 (4.1)	4 (1.3)	9 (2.9)
> 6.2 mmol/L	3 (1.0)	2 (0.60)	1 (0.30)
TG
≤ 1.7 mmol/L	288 (91.40)	104 (33.00)	184 (58.40)	0.002
> 1.7 mmol/L	27 (8.60)	18 (5.70)	9 (2.90)
HDL
> 1 mmol/L	222 (70.50)	68 (21.60)	154 (48.90)	0.000
≤ 1 mmol/L	93 (29.50)	54 (17.10)	39 (12.40)
LDL
< 3.4 mmol/L	251 (93.00%)	94 (34.80%)	157 (58.10%)	0.895
3.4 - 4.1 mmol/L	17 (6.3%)	7 (2.60%)	10 (3.70%)
> 4.1 mmol/L	2 (0.7%)	1 (0.4%)	1 (0.4%)
BMI
< 18.5	30 (9.40)	6 (1.90)	24 (7.50)	0.001
18.5 - 24.99	207 (65.10)	76 (23.90)	131 (41.20)
25 - 29.99	60 (18.90)	33 (10.40)	27 (8.50)
≥ 30	21 (6.60)	13 (4.10)	8 (2.50)
WHR
< 0.95 (M), ≥ 0.9 (F)	319 (99.10)	128 (39.80)	191 (59.30)	0.351
> 0.95 (M), ≥ 0.9 (F)	3 (0.90)	2 (0.60)	1 (0.30)
Total PA				0.255
Low	45 (13.2)	14 (10.7)	31 (14.8)
Moderate	98 (28.8)	34 (26.0)	64 (30.6)
High	197 (57.9)	83 (63.4)	114 (54.5)

Table 2. Assessment of CVD Risk Factors Among University Students as Total and Divided by Gender

Variable

Total n (%)

Gender

Pearson Chi-Square

Male n (%)

Female n (%)

Glucose

≤ 5.89 mmol/L

313 (99.40)

120 (38.10)

193 (61.30)

0.074

> 5.89 mmol/L

2 (0.60)

0 (0.00)

Cholesterol

< 5.2 mmol/L

299 (94.90)

116 (36.8)

183 (58.10)

0.513

5.2 - 6.2 mmol/L

13 (4.1)

4 (1.3)

9 (2.9)

> 6.2 mmol/L

3 (1.0)

2 (0.60)

1 (0.30)

≤ 1.7 mmol/L

288 (91.40)

104 (33.00)

184 (58.40)

0.002

> 1.7 mmol/L

27 (8.60)

18 (5.70)

9 (2.90)

HDL

> 1 mmol/L

222 (70.50)

68 (21.60)

154 (48.90)

0.000

≤ 1 mmol/L

93 (29.50)

54 (17.10)

39 (12.40)

LDL

< 3.4 mmol/L

251 (93.00%)

94 (34.80%)

157 (58.10%)

0.895

3.4 - 4.1 mmol/L

17 (6.3%)

7 (2.60%)

10 (3.70%)

> 4.1 mmol/L

2 (0.7%)

1 (0.4%)

BMI

< 18.5

30 (9.40)

6 (1.90)

24 (7.50)

0.001

18.5 - 24.99

207 (65.10)

76 (23.90)

131 (41.20)

25 - 29.99

60 (18.90)

33 (10.40)

27 (8.50)

≥ 30

21 (6.60)

13 (4.10)

8 (2.50)

WHR

< 0.95 (M), ≥ 0.9 (F)

319 (99.10)

128 (39.80)

191 (59.30)

0.351

> 0.95 (M), ≥ 0.9 (F)

3 (0.90)

2 (0.60)

1 (0.30)

Total PA

0.255

Low

45 (13.2)

14 (10.7)

31 (14.8)

Moderate

98 (28.8)

34 (26.0)

64 (30.6)

High

197 (57.9)

83 (63.4)

114 (54.5)

**Table 3.** Pearson’s Correlation Between Number of CVD Risk Factors Present and Other Parameters
Number of risk factors versus	Pearson's correlation coefficient
** Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level; * Correlation is significant at the 0.05 level (2-tailed).
Body Fat%	0.216**	0.372**	0.294**
Body water%	-0.217**	-0.372**	-0.299**
Body muscle%	-0.001	-0.365**	-0.244**
Bone mass	0.358**	0.433**	0.176*
BMI	0.389**	0.423**	0.289**
WHR	0.263**	0.335**	0.061
RBC	0.190**	0.089	-0.007
HGB	0.257**	0.106	0.121
HCT	0.214**	0.097	0.007
MCV	0.014	-0.016	0.012
Glucose	0.123*	0.197*	-0.063
Cholesterol	0.173**	0.271**	0.113
TG	0.509**	0.573**	0.385**
HDL-C	-0.496**	-0.564**	-0.394**
LDL-C	0.236**	0.230*	0.248**
Total PA	-0.336**	-0.228*	-0.482**

Table 3. Pearson’s Correlation Between Number of CVD Risk Factors Present and Other Parameters

Number of risk factors versus

Pearson's correlation coefficient

Total

Males

Females

** Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level; * Correlation is significant at the 0.05 level (2-tailed).

Body Fat%

0.216**

0.372**

0.294**

Body water%

-0.217**

-0.372**

-0.299**

Body muscle%

-0.001

-0.365**

-0.244**

Bone mass

0.358**

0.433**

0.176*

BMI

0.389**

0.423**

0.289**

WHR

0.263**

0.335**

0.061

RBC

0.190**

0.089

-0.007

HGB

0.257**

0.106

0.121

HCT

0.214**

0.097

0.007

MCV

0.014

-0.016

0.012

Glucose

0.123*

0.197*

-0.063

Cholesterol

0.173**

0.271**

0.113

0.509**

0.573**

0.385**

HDL-C

-0.496**

-0.564**

-0.394**

LDL-C

0.236**

0.230*

0.248**

Total PA

-0.336**

-0.228*

-0.482**