Cardiol Res

Cardiology Research, ISSN 1923-2829 print, 1923-2837 online, Open Access

Article copyright, the authors; Journal compilation copyright, Cardiol Res and Elmer Press Inc

Journal website https://www.cardiologyres.org

Original Article

Volume 4, Number 3, June 2013, pages 101-108

ACP1 Genetic Polymorphism and Coronary Artery Disease: Evidence of Effects on Clinical Parameters of Cardiac Function

**Table 1.** F and S Isoform Concentrations in Relation to the ACP1 Genotype
Total quantity of F (µg/mL RBC)	Total quantity of S (µg/mL RBC)
B/B	16.4	C/C	20.6
A/B	12.0	A/C	12.7
B/C	11.3	B/C	12.1
A/A	7.9	B/B	3.9
A/C	7.5	A/B	3.4
C/C	5.7	A/A	3.3

Table 1. F and S Isoform Concentrations in Relation to the ACP1 Genotype

Total quantity of F (µg/mL RBC)

Total quantity of S (µg/mL RBC)

*B/*B

16.4

*C/*C

20.6

*A/*B

12.0

*A/*C

12.7

*B/*C

11.3

*B/*C

12.1

*A/*A

7.9

*B/*B

3.9

*A/*C

7.5

*A/*B

3.4

*C/*C

5.7

*A/*A

3.3

**Table 2.** Clinical Data in Subjects With CAD From Valmontone Hospital
Parameter	% Proportion
Infarction	40.5%
Major coronary lesions	83.2%
Bypass	35.2%
Angioplastic	27.1%
Gender (Female %)	47.4%
Smoking habit	65.4 %
Diabetes	34.2%
Age (years)	66.7	± 11.6
Body mass index (kg/m²)	27.36	± 5.2

Table 2. Clinical Data in Subjects With CAD From Valmontone Hospital

Parameter

% Proportion

Infarction

40.5%

Major coronary lesions

83.2%

Bypass

35.2%

Angioplastic

27.1%

Gender (Female %)

47.4%

Smoking habit

65.4 %

Diabetes

34.2%

Mean

Age (years)

66.7

± 11.6

Body mass index (kg/m²)

27.36

± 5.2

**Table 3.** Clinical Data in Subjects Admitted to Valmontone Hospital for Cardiovascular Diseases Without CAD
Parameter	% Proportion
^amedicated against hypertension/arterial tension ≥ 130/85 mmHg; ^bpatients with thickness walls ≥ 11 mm; ^cdiameter diastolic left ventricular ≥ 56 mm; ^d patients with atrial fibrillation, sinusale arrhythmia, atrial ventricular blocks.
Gender (Female %)	65.8%
Defect of the hearth valves	32.5%
Hypertension^a	58.3%
Cardiac hypertrophy^b	44.4%
Dilated heart^c	16.6%
Cardiac Arrhythmia^d	49.3%
Smoking habit	37.8 %
Diabetes	19.4%
^amedicated against hypertension/arterial tension ≥ 130/85 mmHg; ^bpatients with thickness walls ≥ 11 mm; ^cdiameter diastolic left ventricular ≥ 56 mm; ^d patients with atrial fibrillation, sinusale arrhythmia, atrial ventricular blocks.
Age (years)	53.92	± 16.25
Body mass index (kg/m²)	26.43	± 5.35

Table 3. Clinical Data in Subjects Admitted to Valmontone Hospital for Cardiovascular Diseases Without CAD

Parameter

% Proportion

^amedicated against hypertension/arterial tension ≥ 130/85 mmHg; ^bpatients with thickness walls ≥ 11 mm; ^cdiameter diastolic left ventricular ≥ 56 mm; ^d patients with atrial fibrillation, sinusale arrhythmia, atrial ventricular blocks.

Gender (Female %)

65.8%

Defect of the hearth valves

32.5%

Hypertension^a

58.3%

Cardiac hypertrophy^b

44.4%

Dilated heart^c

16.6%

Cardiac Arrhythmia^d

49.3%

Smoking habit

37.8 %

Diabetes

19.4%

Mean

Age (years)

53.92

± 16.25

Body mass index (kg/m²)

26.43

± 5.35

**Table 4.** Clinical Data in Subjects Admitted to Cardiac Surgery Division of Tor Vergata University. Subjects With CAD
Parameter	% Proportion
^amedicated against hypertension/arterial tension ≥ 130/85 mmHg; ^bpatients with thickness walls ≥ 11mm; ^cdiameter diastolic left ventricular ≥ 56 mm; ^dpatients with atrial fibrillation, sinusale arrhythmia, atrial ventricular blocks; ^emedicated with anti-diabetic drugs/glycaemia ≥ 110 mg/L.
Gender (Female %)	30.1%
Major coronary lesions	100%
Infarction	67.9%
Hypertension^a	92.4%
Cardiac hypertrophy^b	73.5%
Dilated Heart^c	11.3%
Smoking habit	72.2%
Cardiac Arrhythmia^d	13.2 %
Diabetes^e	47.1%
^amedicated against hypertension/arterial tension ≥ 130/85 mmHg; ^bpatients with thickness walls ≥ 11mm; ^cdiameter diastolic left ventricular ≥ 56 mm; ^dpatients with atrial fibrillation, sinusale arrhythmia, atrial ventricular blocks; ^emedicated with anti-diabetic drugs/glycaemia ≥ 110 mg/L.
Age (years)	64.5	± 20.5
Body mass index (kg/m²)	31.2	± 4.6

Table 4. Clinical Data in Subjects Admitted to Cardiac Surgery Division of Tor Vergata University. Subjects With CAD

Parameter

% Proportion

^amedicated against hypertension/arterial tension ≥ 130/85 mmHg; ^bpatients with thickness walls ≥ 11mm; ^cdiameter diastolic left ventricular ≥ 56 mm; ^dpatients with atrial fibrillation, sinusale arrhythmia, atrial ventricular blocks; ^emedicated with anti-diabetic drugs/glycaemia ≥ 110 mg/L.

Gender (Female %)

30.1%

Major coronary lesions

100%

Infarction

67.9%

Hypertension^a

92.4%

Cardiac hypertrophy^b

73.5%

Dilated Heart^c

11.3%

Smoking habit

72.2%

Cardiac Arrhythmia^d

13.2 %

Diabetes^e

47.1%

Mean

^amedicated against hypertension/arterial tension ≥ 130/85 mmHg; ^bpatients with thickness walls ≥ 11mm; ^cdiameter diastolic left ventricular ≥ 56 mm; ^dpatients with atrial fibrillation, sinusale arrhythmia, atrial ventricular blocks; ^emedicated with anti-diabetic drugs/glycaemia ≥ 110 mg/L.

Age (years)

64.5

± 20.5

Body mass index (kg/m²)

31.2

± 4.6

**Table 5.** Correlation Between ACP₁ Parameters and LVEF in Patients With CAD
	All patients	CAD	Non CAD
Total activity	-0.150	0.005	-0.137	0.049	-0.088	0.310
S isoform	-0.147	0.006	-0.176	0.012	0.000	0.994
F isoform	-0.004	0.943	0.052	0.455	-0.094	0.280
F/S ratio	0.109	0.042	0.159	0.023	-0.057	0.513
Total activity	-0.247	0.039	-0.022	0.805
S isoform	-0.338	0.004	-0.036	0.691
F isoform	0.123	0.312	0.016	0.860
F/S ratio	0.289	0.015	0.047	0.607

Table 5. Correlation Between ACP₁ Parameters and LVEF in Patients With CAD

All patients

CAD

Non CAD

Total activity

-0.150

0.005

-0.137

0.049

-0.088

0.310

S isoform

-0.147

0.006

-0.176

0.012

0.000

0.994

F isoform

-0.004

0.943

0.052

0.455

-0.094

0.280

F/S ratio

0.109

0.042

0.159

0.023

-0.057

0.513

Patients with CAD

Diabetics

Non Diabetics

Total activity

-0.247

0.039

-0.022

0.805

S isoform

-0.338

0.004

-0.036

0.691

F isoform

0.123

0.312

0.016

0.860

F/S ratio

0.289

0.015

0.047

0.607

**Table 6.** Correlation Between ACP1 Parameters and cNYHA in Patients With Cardiovascular Diseases
	All patients	CAD	Non CAD
New York Heart Association (NYHA) Classification: Class I: patients with no limitation of activities; they suffer no symptoms from ordinary activities. Class II: patients with slight, mild limitation of activity; they are comfortable with rest or with mild exertion. Class III: patients with marked limitation of activity; they are comfortable only at rest. Class IV: patients who should be at complete rest, confined to bed or chair; any physical activity brings on discomfort and symptoms occur at rest.
Total activity	0.169	0.001	0.219	0.001	0.037	0.642
S isoform	0.193	0.000	0.281	0.000	0.023	0.773
F isoform	-0.019	0.706	-0.074	0.275	0.017	0.833
F/S ratio	-0.152	0.002	-0.240	0.000	-0.016	0.839
New York Heart Association (NYHA) Classification: Class I: patients with no limitation of activities; they suffer no symptoms from ordinary activities. Class II: patients with slight, mild limitation of activity; they are comfortable with rest or with mild exertion. Class III: patients with marked limitation of activity; they are comfortable only at rest. Class IV: patients who should be at complete rest, confined to bed or chair; any physical activity brings on discomfort and symptoms occur at rest.
Total activity	0.285	0.014	0.164	0.059
S isoform	0.508	0.000	0.133	0.128
F isoform	-0.253	0.030	0.038	0.667
F/S ratio	-0.467	0.000	-0.081	0.357

Table 6. Correlation Between ACP1 Parameters and cNYHA in Patients With Cardiovascular Diseases

All patients

CAD

Non CAD

New York Heart Association (NYHA) Classification: Class I: patients with no limitation of activities; they suffer no symptoms from ordinary activities. Class II: patients with slight, mild limitation of activity; they are comfortable with rest or with mild exertion. Class III: patients with marked limitation of activity; they are comfortable only at rest. Class IV: patients who should be at complete rest, confined to bed or chair; any physical activity brings on discomfort and symptoms occur at rest.

Total activity

0.169

0.001

0.219

0.001

0.037

0.642

S isoform

0.193

0.000

0.281

0.000

0.023

0.773

F isoform

-0.019

0.706

-0.074

0.275

0.017

0.833

F/S ratio

-0.152

0.002

-0.240

0.000

-0.016

0.839

Patients with CAD

Diabetics

Non Diabetics

Total activity

0.285

0.014

0.164

0.059

S isoform

0.508

0.000

0.133

0.128

F isoform

-0.253

0.030

0.038

0.667

F/S ratio

-0.467

0.000

-0.081

0.357

**Table 7.** Parameters of Cardiac Function in Relation to ACP₁ Genotype
	CAD Diabetics LVEF	CAD Non Diabetics LVEF
Parametric analysis, ACP₁ genotype has been grouped into 2 classes: low S isoform concentration (A/A, A/B and B/B) and high S isoform concentration (C/C, A/C and B/C), patients with CAD.
ACP₁ genotypes with low S isoform activity	48.06	1.204	53		50.79	0.894	112
				0.005				0.599
ACP₁ genotypes with high S isoform activity	40.06	3.009	16		49.65	1.631	21
Parametric analysis, ACP₁ genotype has been grouped into 2 classes: low S isoform concentration (A/A, A/B and B/B) and high S isoform concentration (C/C, A/C and B/C), patients with CAD.
ACP₁ genotypes with low S isoform activity	1.63	0.105	53		1.37	0.103	112
				0.001				0.091
ACP₁ genotypes with high S isoform activity	2.93	0.316	16		1.81	0.245	21

Table 7. Parameters of Cardiac Function in Relation to ACP₁ Genotype

CAD Diabetics LVEF

CAD Non Diabetics LVEF

mean

S.E.

N°

mean

S.E.

N°

Parametric analysis, ACP₁ genotype has been grouped into 2 classes: low S isoform concentration (*A/*A, *A/*B and *B/*B) and high S isoform concentration (*C/*C, *A/*C and *B/*C), patients with CAD.

ACP₁ genotypes with low S isoform activity

48.06

1.204

50.79

0.894

112

0.005

0.599

ACP₁ genotypes with high S isoform activity

40.06

3.009

49.65

1.631

cNYHA

mean

S.E.

N°

mean

S.E.

N°

ACP₁ genotypes with low S isoform activity

1.63

0.105

1.37

0.103

112

0.001

0.091

ACP₁ genotypes with high S isoform activity

2.93

0.316

1.81

0.245