Cardiol Res

Cardiology Research, ISSN 1923-2829 print, 1923-2837 online, Open Access

Article copyright, the authors; Journal compilation copyright, Cardiol Res and Elmer Press Inc

Journal website https://www.cardiologyres.org

Original Article

Volume 6, Number 3, June 2015, pages 278-282

Association Between a Ban on Smoking in a Hospital and the In-Hospital Onset of Acute Myocardial Infarction

Figure 1. Association between non-smoking areas in a hospital and the in-hospital onset of AMI. Non-smoking areas throughout the building (stage 1, 2003 - 2006), smoking was banned throughout the entire hospital at the early (stage 2, 2007 - 2010) and late (stage 3, 2011 - 2014) phases.

**Table 1.** Patient Characteristics in All Patients
Continuous variables are expressed as mean ± SD. HTN: hypertension; DM: diabetes mellitus; DL: dyslipidemia; IHD: ischemic heart disease; PCI: percutaneous coronary intervention; CCB: calcium channel blocker; ACE-I: angiotensin converting enzyme; ARB: angiotensin II receptor blocker; Hb: hemoglobin; Cr: creatinine; eGFR: estimated glomerular filtration rate; TC: total cholesterol; TG: triglycerides; HbA1c: hemoglobin A1c; SBP: systolic blood pressure; DBP: diastolic blood pressure; LAD: left anterior descending artery; LMT: left main trunk; RCA: right coronary artery; LCX: left circumflex artery; CK: creatine kinase.
Patients, n	25	Anticoagulant, n (%)	8 (32)
Age, years	70 ± 9	Hb, g/dL	11.1 ± 2.9
Male, n (%)	16 (64)	Cr, mg/dL	0.9 ± 0.3
Post-operation, n (%)	10 (40)	eGFR, mL/min/1.73m²	69 ± 25
Death, n (%)	6 (24)	TC, mg/dL	189 ± 53
HTN, n (%)	12 (48)	TG, mg/dL	108 ± 60
DM, n (%)	12 (48)	HbA1c, %	7.5 ± 1.8
DL, n (%)	5 (20)	SBP, mm Hg	130 ± 21
IHD p/s PCI, n (%)	7 (26)	DBP, mm Hg	73 ± 12
Smoking, n (%)	15 (56)	Target vessels
Medication		LAD or LMT/LCX/RCA, n (%)	15 (56)/5 (20)/3 (11)
CCB, n (%)	6 (22)	PCI, n (%)	17 (68)
ACE-I/ARB, n (%)	6 (22)	Peak CK, IU/L	2848 ± 2550
β blocker, n (%)	1 (4)
Statin, n (%)	4 (15)

Table 1. Patient Characteristics in All Patients

Continuous variables are expressed as mean ± SD. HTN: hypertension; DM: diabetes mellitus; DL: dyslipidemia; IHD: ischemic heart disease; PCI: percutaneous coronary intervention; CCB: calcium channel blocker; ACE-I: angiotensin converting enzyme; ARB: angiotensin II receptor blocker; Hb: hemoglobin; Cr: creatinine; eGFR: estimated glomerular filtration rate; TC: total cholesterol; TG: triglycerides; HbA1c: hemoglobin A1c; SBP: systolic blood pressure; DBP: diastolic blood pressure; LAD: left anterior descending artery; LMT: left main trunk; RCA: right coronary artery; LCX: left circumflex artery; CK: creatine kinase.

Patients, n

Anticoagulant, n (%)

8 (32)

Age, years

70 ± 9

Hb, g/dL

11.1 ± 2.9

Male, n (%)

16 (64)

Cr, mg/dL

0.9 ± 0.3

Post-operation, n (%)

10 (40)

eGFR, mL/min/1.73m²

69 ± 25

Death, n (%)

6 (24)

TC, mg/dL

189 ± 53

HTN, n (%)

12 (48)

TG, mg/dL

108 ± 60

DM, n (%)

12 (48)

HbA1c, %

7.5 ± 1.8

DL, n (%)

5 (20)

SBP, mm Hg

130 ± 21

IHD p/s PCI, n (%)

7 (26)

DBP, mm Hg

73 ± 12

Smoking, n (%)

15 (56)

Target vessels

Medication

LAD or LMT/LCX/RCA, n (%)

15 (56)/5 (20)/3 (11)

CCB, n (%)

6 (22)

PCI, n (%)

17 (68)

ACE-I/ARB, n (%)

6 (22)

Peak CK, IU/L

2848 ± 2550

β blocker, n (%)

1 (4)

Statin, n (%)

4 (15)

**Table 2.** Comparison of Patient Characteristics of the Survival and Death Groups After AMI
Variables	Death	Survival	Death vs. survival P value
Days: the days from hospitalization to onset of AMI; CK: creatine kinase; BMI: body mass index; SBP: systolic blood pressure; DBP: diastolic blood pressure; Hb: hemoglobin; eGFR: estimated glomerular filtration rate; HTN: hypertension; DM: diabetes mellitus; DL: dyslipidemia.
Patients, n	6	19
Age, years	76 ± 7	68 ± 9	0.10
Days	10 ± 8	23 ± 29	0.29
Peak CK, IU/L	5,768 ± 2,234	1,954 ± 1,855	0.0003
BMI, kg/m²	23 ± 2	22 ± 3	0.44
SBP, mm Hg	139 ± 22	127 ± 20	0.23
DBP, mm Hg	74 ± 12	72 ± 12	0.81
Hb, g/dL	8.7 ± 2.9	11.8 ± 2.5	0.002
eGFR, mL/min/1.73 m²	64 ± 35	70 ± 22	0.60
HTN, n (%)	3 (50)	9 (47)	0.91
DM, n (%)	3 (50)	9 (47)	0.92
DL, n (%)	1 (17)	4 (21)	0.82
Smoking, n (%)	3 (50)	12 (63)	0.32
Operation, n (%)	3 (50)	8 (42)	0.58

Table 2. Comparison of Patient Characteristics of the Survival and Death Groups After AMI

Variables

Death

Survival

Death vs. survival P value

Days: the days from hospitalization to onset of AMI; CK: creatine kinase; BMI: body mass index; SBP: systolic blood pressure; DBP: diastolic blood pressure; Hb: hemoglobin; eGFR: estimated glomerular filtration rate; HTN: hypertension; DM: diabetes mellitus; DL: dyslipidemia.

Patients, n

Age, years

76 ± 7

68 ± 9

0.10

Days

10 ± 8

23 ± 29

0.29

Peak CK, IU/L

5,768 ± 2,234

1,954 ± 1,855

0.0003

BMI, kg/m²

23 ± 2

22 ± 3

0.44

SBP, mm Hg

139 ± 22

127 ± 20

0.23

DBP, mm Hg

74 ± 12

72 ± 12

0.81

Hb, g/dL

8.7 ± 2.9

11.8 ± 2.5

0.002

eGFR, mL/min/1.73 m²

64 ± 35

70 ± 22

0.60

HTN, n (%)

3 (50)

9 (47)

0.91

DM, n (%)

3 (50)

9 (47)

0.92

DL, n (%)

1 (17)

4 (21)

0.82

Smoking, n (%)

3 (50)

12 (63)

0.32

Operation, n (%)

3 (50)

8 (42)

0.58

**Table 3.** Comparison of Patient Characteristics of the Operation and Non-Operation Groups
Variables	Operation	Non-operation	Operation vs. non-operation P value
All abbreviations as in Table 2.
Patients, n	10	15
Age, years	72 ± 11	69 ± 8	0.43
Days	23 ± 31	17 ± 22	0.59
Peak CK, IU/L	3,060 ± 3,100	2,697 ± 2,183	0.73
BMI, kg/m²	23 ± 3	21 ± 3	0.08
SBP, mm Hg	130 ± 23	129 ± 19	0.91
DBP, mm Hg	72 ± 15	74 ± 9	0.73
Hb, g/dL	11.6 ± 1.9	10.6 ± 3.4	0.40
eGFR, mL/min/1.73 m²	63 ± 19	72 ± 28	0.37
HTN, n (%)	6 (60)	6 (40)	0.35
DM, n (%)	6 (60)	6 (40)	0.35
DL, n (%)	4 (40)	1 (7)	0.04
Smoking, n (%)	6 (60)	9 (60)	0.82

Table 3. Comparison of Patient Characteristics of the Operation and Non-Operation Groups

Variables

Operation

Non-operation

Operation vs. non-operation P value

All abbreviations as in Table 2.

Patients, n

Age, years

72 ± 11

69 ± 8

0.43

Days

23 ± 31

17 ± 22

0.59

Peak CK, IU/L

3,060 ± 3,100

2,697 ± 2,183

0.73

BMI, kg/m²

23 ± 3

21 ± 3

0.08

SBP, mm Hg

130 ± 23

129 ± 19

0.91

DBP, mm Hg

72 ± 15

74 ± 9

0.73

Hb, g/dL

11.6 ± 1.9

10.6 ± 3.4

0.40

eGFR, mL/min/1.73 m²

63 ± 19

72 ± 28

0.37

HTN, n (%)

6 (60)

6 (40)

0.35

DM, n (%)

6 (60)

6 (40)

0.35

DL, n (%)

4 (40)

1 (7)

0.04

Smoking, n (%)

6 (60)

9 (60)

0.82

**Table 4.** Comparison of Patient Characteristics of the Smoking and Non-Smoking Groups
	Smoking	Non-smoking	Smoking vs. non-smoking P value
All abbreviations as in Table 2.
Patients, n	15	10
Age, years	69 ± 9	72 ± 9	0.52
Days	24 ± 31	12.5 ± 13.0	0.28
Peak CK, IU/L	2,989 ± 2,720	2,649 ± 2,411	0.75
BMI, kg/m²	23 ± 3	22 ± 3	0.79
SBP, mm Hg	128 ± 18	133 ± 25	0.57
DBP, mm Hg	71 ± 12	75 ± 14	0.40
Hb, g/dL	11.6 ± 3.0	10.1 ± 2.4	0.25
eGFR, mL/min/1.73 m²	73 ± 21	60 ± 29	0.24
HTN, n (%)	7 (47)	5 (50)	0.87
DM, n (%)	7 (47)	5 (50)	0.87
DL, n (%)	5 (33)	0 (0)	0.04
Operation, n (%)	6 (40)	4 (40)	1.00
Death, n (%)	3 (20)	3 (30)	0.59

Table 4. Comparison of Patient Characteristics of the Smoking and Non-Smoking Groups

Smoking

Non-smoking

Smoking vs. non-smoking P value

All abbreviations as in Table 2.

Patients, n

Age, years

69 ± 9

72 ± 9

0.52

Days

24 ± 31

12.5 ± 13.0

0.28

Peak CK, IU/L

2,989 ± 2,720

2,649 ± 2,411

0.75

BMI, kg/m²

23 ± 3

22 ± 3

0.79

SBP, mm Hg

128 ± 18

133 ± 25

0.57

DBP, mm Hg

71 ± 12

75 ± 14

0.40

Hb, g/dL

11.6 ± 3.0

10.1 ± 2.4

0.25

eGFR, mL/min/1.73 m²

73 ± 21

60 ± 29

0.24

HTN, n (%)

7 (47)

5 (50)

0.87

DM, n (%)

7 (47)

5 (50)

0.87

DL, n (%)

5 (33)

0 (0)

0.04

Operation, n (%)

6 (40)

4 (40)

1.00

Death, n (%)

3 (20)

3 (30)

0.59