Figures
![Figure 1.](/tables/cr467w-g001.jpg)
Figure 1. The computational model: ascending aorta, descending aorta, brachiocephalic artery, left common carotid artery and left subclavian artery. Sparse grid is shown.
![Figure 2.](/tables/cr467w-g002.jpg)
Figure 2. Summary of equations used in the present study.
![Figure 3.](/tables/cr467w-g003.jpg)
Figure 3. Applied blood waveform at the aortic arch inlet.
![Figure 4.](/tables/cr467w-g004.jpg)
Figure 4. Time-averaged wall shear stress (AWSS) (N/m2) magnitude with (a) power, (b) Carreau, (c) Casson, (d) non-Newtonian power and (e) Newtonian law models.
![Figure 5.](/tables/cr467w-g005.jpg)
Figure 5. Oscillatory shear index (OSI) with (a) power, (b) Carreau, (c) Casson, (d) non-Newtonian power, and (e) Newtonian law models.
![Figure 6.](/tables/cr467w-g006.jpg)
Figure 6. Relative residence time (RRT) with (a) power, (b) Carreau, (c) Casson, (d) non-Newtonian power, and (e) Newtonian law models. The AWSSV is inversely proportional to the RRT.
![Figure 7.](/tables/cr467w-g007.jpg)
Figure 7. Normalized luminal surface LDL concentration Cw/Co for the aortic arch. Flow velocity 0.05 m/s and constant concentration LDL of 1.3 mg/mL are applied at the orifice of the ascending aorta. Four views.
![Figure 8.](/tables/cr467w-g008.jpg)
Figure 8. Typical luminal surface concentration Cw/Co of normalized LDL versus WSS (N/m2). Flow velocity 0.05 m/s and constant concentration LDL of 1.3 mg/mL are applied at the orifice of the ascending aorta.
![Figure 9.](/tables/cr467w-g009.jpg)
Figure 9. Contours using non-Newtonian power law of (a) normalized luminal surface LDL concentration Cw/Co at 0.05 m/s and constant concentration of LDL of 1.3 mg/mL applied at the orifice of the ascending aorta), (b) RRT, (c) AWSS (N/m2) and (d) OSI.
![Figure 10.](/tables/cr467w-g010.jpg)
Figure 10. Time-averaged wall shear stress vector (AWSSV) (N/m2) versus averaged wall shear stress (AWSS) (N/m2): (a) power, (b) Carreau, (c) Casson, (d) non-Newtonian power, and (e) Newtonian law models.
![Figure 11.](/tables/cr467w-g011.jpg)
Figure 11. Oscillatory shear index versus time-averaged wall shear stress vector (AWSSV) (N/m2): (a) power, (b) Carreau, (c) Casson, (d) non-Newtonian power, and (e) Newtonian law models.
![Figure 12.](/tables/cr467w-g012.jpg)
Figure 12. Aorta streamline velocities m/s: (a) t = 0.075 s, (b) t = 0.150 s, (c) t = 0.250 s and (d) t = 0.60 s using the non-Newtonian power law model.
![Figure 13.](/tables/cr467w-g013.jpg)
Figure 13. Instantaneous aorta wall shear stress vectors (WSSV) (N/m2) at (a) t = 0.075 s, (b) t = 0.150 s, (c) t = 0.250 s and (d) t = 0.60 s using the non-Newtonian power law model.
Table
Table 1. Pearson Correlation Factors Between Transient Blood Flow Properties
| AWSS (Pa) | AWSSV (Pa) | OSI | RRT |
---|
Correlations are statistically significant at the 0.01 level for all the examined parameters. |
Power law | | | | |
AWSS (Pa) | 1 | 0.735 | -0.221 | -0.244 |
AWSSV (Pa) | | 1 | -0.784 | -0.444 |
OSI | | | 1 | 0.542 |
RRT | | | | 1 |
Casson |
AWSS (Pa) | 1 | 0.836 | -0.337 | -0.272 |
AWSSV (Pa) | | 1 | -0.721 | -0.386 |
OSI | | | 1 | 0.565 |
RRT | | | | 1 |
Newtonian |
AWSS (Pa) | 1 | 0.836 | -0.358 | -0.305 |
AWSSV (Pa) | | 1 | -0.731 | -0.418 |
OSI | | | 1 | 0.605 |
RRT | | | | 1 |
Carreau | | | | |
AWSS (Pa) | 1 | 0.816 | -0.287 | -0.212 |
AWSSV (Pa) | | 1 | -0.721 | -0.340 |
OSI | | | 1 | 0.490 |
RRT | | | | 1 |
Non-Newtonian power law | | | | |
AWSS (Pa) | 1 | 0.759 | -0.272 | -0.229 |
AWSSV (Pa) | | 1 | -0.784 | -0.406 |
OSI | | | 1 | 0.523 |
RRT | | | | 1 |