Cardiol Res

Cardiology Research, ISSN 1923-2829 print, 1923-2837 online, Open Access

Article copyright, the authors; Journal compilation copyright, Cardiol Res and Elmer Press Inc

Journal website https://www.cardiologyres.org

Original Article

Volume 8, Number 4, August 2017, pages 147-153

Relationship Between Hemorheology Assessed Using Microchannel Array Flow Analyzer and Kidney Function in Hypertensive Patients

Figure 1. Correlation between WBPT and markers of kidney function. WBPT: whole blood passage time; eGFR: estimated glomerular filtration rate; RRI: renal resistive index.

Figure 2. Results of multiple logistic regression analysis for albuminuria and high RRI. (a) Albuminuria (urinary albumin excretion as ≥ 30 mg/g Cr) as the subordinate factor. Adjustment factors were age, eGFR, skin autofluorescence, RRI, d-ROMs, and hematocrit. (b) High RRI (RRI ≥ 0.7) as the subordinate factor. Adjustment factors were age, eGFR, skin autofluorescence, urinary albumin excretion, d-ROMs, and hematocrit. *P < 0.01 vs. ≤ 50.0 s; **P < 0.001 vs. ≤ 50.0 s; ***P < 0.05 vs. ≤ 50.0 s. RRI: renal resistive index; WBPT: whole blood passage time; eGFR: estimated glomerular filtration rate; d-ROMs: derivatives of reactive oxygen metabolites.

**Table 1.** Baseline Clinical Characteristics
Continuous values are mean ± SD. HOMA-IR: homeostasis assessment insulin resistance; LDL: low-density lipoprotein; HDL: high-density lipoprotein; d-ROMs: derivatives of reactive oxygen metabolites; eGFR: estimated glomerular filtration rate; RR: renal resistive index; WBPT: whole blood passage time; RAS: renin-angiotensin system.
n (male/female)	453 (176/277)
Age (years)	65 ± 13
Body mass index	23.0 ± 3.7
Current smoker, n (%)	105 (23)
Systolic blood pressure (mm Hg)	156.4 ± 8.1
Diastolic blood pressure (mm Hg)	90.4 ± 9.2
Pulse rate (/min)	66 ± 10
White blood cell (/µL)	6,580 ± 1,250
Red blood cell (10⁴/µL)	424 ± 39
Hematocrit (%)	38.1 ± 3.9
Platelet (10⁴/µL)	21.6 ± 6.2
Fasting blood glucose (mg/dL)	113 ± 24
Immunoreactive insulin (µg/mL)	7.3 ± 4.4
HOMA-IR	2.1 ± 1.4
Skin autofluorescence (AU)	2.5±0.6
Total cholesterol (mg/dL)	212±41
LDL-cholesterol (mg/dL)	135 ± 36
Triglyceride (mg/dL)	128 ± 64
HDL-cholesterol (mg/dL)	52 ± 14
d-ROMs test (U Carr)	331 ± 96
eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m²)	66.0 ± 21.2
Log-urinary albumin (mg/g Cr)	^{1.69 ± 0.63}
RRI	0.7 ± 0.1
WBPT (s)	61.2 ± 16.0
Medication
RAS inhibitor, n (%)	245 (54)
Calcium channel blocker, n (%)	308 (68)
β-blocker, n (%)	36 (8)
Statin, n (%)	236 (52)
Eicosapentaenoic acid, n (%)	18 (4)

Table 1. Baseline Clinical Characteristics

Continuous values are mean ± SD. HOMA-IR: homeostasis assessment insulin resistance; LDL: low-density lipoprotein; HDL: high-density lipoprotein; d-ROMs: derivatives of reactive oxygen metabolites; eGFR: estimated glomerular filtration rate; RR: renal resistive index; WBPT: whole blood passage time; RAS: renin-angiotensin system.

n (male/female)

453 (176/277)

Age (years)

65 ± 13

Body mass index

23.0 ± 3.7

Current smoker, n (%)

105 (23)

Systolic blood pressure (mm Hg)

156.4 ± 8.1

Diastolic blood pressure (mm Hg)

90.4 ± 9.2

Pulse rate (/min)

66 ± 10

White blood cell (/µL)

6,580 ± 1,250

Red blood cell (10⁴/µL)

424 ± 39

Hematocrit (%)

38.1 ± 3.9

Platelet (10⁴/µL)

21.6 ± 6.2

Fasting blood glucose (mg/dL)

113 ± 24

Immunoreactive insulin (µg/mL)

7.3 ± 4.4

HOMA-IR

2.1 ± 1.4

Skin autofluorescence (AU)

2.5±0.6

Total cholesterol (mg/dL)

212±41

LDL-cholesterol (mg/dL)

135 ± 36

Triglyceride (mg/dL)

128 ± 64

HDL-cholesterol (mg/dL)

52 ± 14

d-ROMs test (U Carr)

331 ± 96

eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m²)

66.0 ± 21.2

Log-urinary albumin (mg/g Cr)

^{1.69 ± 0.63}

RRI

0.7 ± 0.1

WBPT (s)

61.2 ± 16.0

Medication

RAS inhibitor, n (%)

245 (54)

Calcium channel blocker, n (%)

308 (68)

β-blocker, n (%)

36 (8)

Statin, n (%)

236 (52)

Eicosapentaenoic acid, n (%)

18 (4)

**Table 2.** Relationship Between WBPT and Various Clinical Parameters
	r	P value
r expressed correlation coefficient. HOMA-IR: homeostasis assessment insulin resistance; LDL: low-density lipoprotein; HDL: high-density lipoprotein; d-ROMs: derivatives of reactive oxygen metabolites; eGFR: estimated glomerular filtration rate; RRI: renal resistive index; WBPT: whole blood passage time; RAS: renin-angiotensin system.
Sex (female = 0, male = 1)	0.07	0.138
Age	0.06	0.189
Body mass index	0.14	< 0.01
Current smoker (no = 0, yes = 1)	0.13	< 0.01
Systolic blood pressure	0.03	0.469
Diastolic blood pressure	0.05	0.245
Pulse rate	0.06	0.229
White blood cell	0.06	0.238
Red blood cell	0.10	< 0.05
Hematocrit	0.13	< 0.01
Platelet	0.08	0.065
Fasting blood glucose	0.11	< 0.05
Immunoreactive insulin	0.05	0.263
HOMA-IR	0.06	0.187
Skin autofluorescence	0.41	< 0.001
Total cholesterol	0.02	0.627
LDL-cholesterol	0.02	0.604
Triglyceride	0.10	< 0.05
HDL-cholesterol	0.08	0.601
d-ROMs test	0.40	< 0.001
RAS inhibitor (no = 0, yes = 1)	-0.08	0.072
CCB (no = 0, yes = 1)	0.05	0.251
Β-blocker (no = 0, yes = 1)	0.07	0.153
Statin (no = 0, yes = 1)	-0.09	0.051
Eicosapentaenoic acid (no = 0, yes = 1)	-0.08	0.062

Table 2. Relationship Between WBPT and Various Clinical Parameters

P value

r expressed correlation coefficient. HOMA-IR: homeostasis assessment insulin resistance; LDL: low-density lipoprotein; HDL: high-density lipoprotein; d-ROMs: derivatives of reactive oxygen metabolites; eGFR: estimated glomerular filtration rate; RRI: renal resistive index; WBPT: whole blood passage time; RAS: renin-angiotensin system.

Sex (female = 0, male = 1)

0.07

0.138

Age

0.06

0.189

Body mass index

0.14

< 0.01

Current smoker (no = 0, yes = 1)

0.13

< 0.01

Systolic blood pressure

0.03

0.469

Diastolic blood pressure

0.05

0.245

Pulse rate

0.06

0.229

White blood cell

0.06

0.238

Red blood cell

0.10

< 0.05

Hematocrit

0.13

< 0.01

Platelet

0.08

0.065

Fasting blood glucose

0.11

< 0.05

Immunoreactive insulin

0.05

0.263

HOMA-IR

0.06

0.187

Skin autofluorescence

0.41

< 0.001

Total cholesterol

0.02

0.627

LDL-cholesterol

0.02

0.604

Triglyceride

0.10

< 0.05

HDL-cholesterol

0.08

0.601

d-ROMs test

0.40

< 0.001

RAS inhibitor (no = 0, yes = 1)

-0.08

0.072

CCB (no = 0, yes = 1)

0.05

0.251

Β-blocker (no = 0, yes = 1)

0.07

0.153

Statin (no = 0, yes = 1)

-0.09

0.051

Eicosapentaenoic acid (no = 0, yes = 1)

-0.08

0.062

**Table 3.** Multiple Regression Analysis for WBPT
Explanatory factor	β	t value	P value
R² = 0.38, F value = 24.7, P < 0.001, n = 453. WBPT: whole blood passage time; RRI: renal resistive index; d-ROMs: derivatives of reactive oxygen metabolites; eGFR: estimated glomerular filtration rate.
Log-urinary albumin	0.33	8.3	< 0.001
RRI	0.27	6.5	< 0.001
Skin autofluorescence	0.24	5.7	< 0.001
d-ROMs test	0.22	5.3	< 0.001
Hematocrit	0.10	2.2	< 0.05
eGFR	0.09	1.9	0.061
Red blood cell	0.08	1.8	0.078
Body mass index	0.06	1.6	0.104
Current smoker	0.06	1.5	0.121
Fasting blood glucose	0.03	0.8	0.393
Triglyceride	-0.01	-0.1	0.704

Table 3. Multiple Regression Analysis for WBPT

Explanatory factor

t value

P value

R² = 0.38, F value = 24.7, P < 0.001, n = 453. WBPT: whole blood passage time; RRI: renal resistive index; d-ROMs: derivatives of reactive oxygen metabolites; eGFR: estimated glomerular filtration rate.

Log-urinary albumin

0.33

8.3

< 0.001

RRI

0.27

6.5

< 0.001

Skin autofluorescence

0.24

5.7

< 0.001

d-ROMs test

0.22

5.3

< 0.001

Hematocrit

0.10

2.2

< 0.05

eGFR

0.09

1.9

0.061

Red blood cell

0.08

1.8

0.078

Body mass index

0.06

1.6

0.104

Current smoker

0.06

1.5

0.121

Fasting blood glucose

0.03

0.8

0.393

Triglyceride

-0.01

-0.1

0.704