Cardiology Research, ISSN 1923-2829 print, 1923-2837 online, Open Access
Article copyright, the authors; Journal compilation copyright, Cardiol Res and Elmer Press Inc
Journal website https://www.cardiologyres.org

Original Article

Volume 8, Number 5, October 2017, pages 206-213


Association of Heart Rate Recovery With Microalbuminuria in Non-Obstructive Coronary Artery Disease

Figure

Figure 1.
Figure 1. ROC curve analysis of UACR for predicting lower HRR value in all patients with non-obstructive CAD. CAD: coronary artery disease; HRR: heart rate recovery; UACR: urinary albumin-to-creatinine ratio.

Tables

Table 1. Baseline Clinical, Demographic and Laboratory Characteristics of Non-Obstructive Coronary Artery Disase Patients With and Without Microalbuminuria
 
VariablesNon-obstructive coronary artery diseaseP value
With microalbuminuria (n = 152)Without microalbuminuria (n = 413)
BMI: body mass index; DCA: diseased coronary arteries; DBP: diastolic blood pressure; HDL: high-density lipoprotein; HR1: heart rate at first minute; HRR: heart rate recovery; hsCRP: high-sensitive C-reactive protein; LDL: low-density lipoprotein; eGFR: estimated glomerular filtration rate; SBP: systolic blood pressure; UACR: urinary albumin-to-creatinine ratio.
Age (years)55 ± 653 ± 70.107
Female, n (%)63 (41%)153 (37%)0.340
SBP (mm Hg)130 ± 9128 ± 100.013
DBP (mm Hg)80 ± 778 ± 70.006
BMI (kg/m2)28.0 ± 2.127.7 ± 2.20.058
Family history, n (%)10 (9.8%)29 (7.0%)0.854
Ejection fraction (%)61 ± 662 ± 40.590
Total cholesterol (mg/dL)211 ± 28208 ± 260.288
HDL (mg/dL)48 ± 848 ± 90.700
LDL (mg/dL)126 ± 26123 ± 270.334
Triglyceride (mg/dL)185 ± 40180 ± 410.242
Glucose (mg/dL)92 ± 990 ± 90.134
Creatinine (mg/dL)0.91 ± 0.160.89 ± 0.140.151
eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m2)85 ± 2088 ± 210.106
hsCRP (mg/L)4.1 ± 2.33.5 ± 2.20.005
UACR (mg/g)92 ± 278 ± 3< 0.001
Gensini score64 ± 3744 ± 25< 0.001
The number of DCA2.2 ± 0.72.0 ± 0.70.012
  One-vessel, n (%)32 (28%)109 (52%)0.194
  Two-vessel, n (%)63 (46%)201 (36%)0.127
  Three-vessel, n (%)57 (26%)103 (12%)0.003
Baseline heart rate, beats/min70 ± 1168 ± 120.576
Max heart rate, beats/min154 ± 9156 ± 100.007
HR1, beats/min139 ± 10133 ± 13< 0.001
HRR, beats/min15 ± 724 ± 9< 0.001
Duke treadmill score4.1 ± 8.17.1 ± 7.2< 0.001

 

Table 2. Baseline Clinical, Demographic and Laboratory Characteristics of the Patients According to the Values of HRR (≤ 12 beats/min vs. > 12 beats/min)
 
VariablesHeart rate recoveryP value
≤ 12 (n = 126)> 12 (n = 439)
BMI: body mass index; DCA: diseased coronary arteries; HDL: high-density lipoprotein; HRR: heart rate recovery; hsCRP: high-sensitive C-reactive protein; LDL: low-density lipoprotein; eGFR: estimated glomerular filtration rate; UACR: urinary albumin-to-creatinine ratio.
Age (years)55 ± 754 ± 70.021
Female, n (%)46 (37%)170 (39%)0.652
Systolic blood pressure (mm Hg)129 ± 10128 ± 90.061
Diastolic blood pressure (mm Hg)79 ± 878 ± 70.225
BMI (kg/m2)27.9 ± 2.127.6 ± 2.20.236
Ejection fraction (%)61 ± 562 ± 50.170
Total cholesterol (mg/dL)213 ± 28207 ± 250.069
HDL (mg/dL)47 ± 948 ± 80.101
LDL (mg/dL)129 ± 28122 ± 260.009
Triglyceride (mg/dL)190 ± 44178 ± 390.006
Glucose (mg/dL)92 ± 990 ± 90.036
Creatinine (mg/dL)0.90 ± 0.130.88 ± 0.150.629
eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m2)86 ± 1987 ± 200.547
hsCRP (mg/L)4.8 ± 2.83.3 ± 2.0< 0.001
UACR (mg/g)54 ± 5024 ± 34< 0.001
Gensini score62 ± 3646 ± 27< 0.001
The number of DCA2.1 ± 0.72.0 ± 0.70.012
  One-vessel involvement, n (%)18 (14.3%)123 (28%)0.002
  Two-vessel involvement, n (%)61 (48.4%)203 (46%)0.667
  Three-vessel involvement, n (%)47 (37.3%)113 (26%)0.014
Baseline heart rate, beats/min71 ± 1369 ± 110.076
HRR, beats/min9 ± 225 ± 7< 0.001
Duke treadmill score4.4 ± 7.96.8 ± 7.30.001

 

Table 3. Independent Predictors of the Presence of Lower HRR Value (≤ 12 beats/min) in Patients With Non-Obstructive Coronary Artery Disease
 
VariablesUnivariate analysisMultivariate analysis
Odds ratio (95% CI)P valueOdds ratio (95% CI)P value
CI: confidence interval; HRR: heart rate recovery; hsCRP: high-sensitive C-reactive protein; DCA: diseased coronary arteries; LDL: low-densitiy lipoprotein; UACR: urinary albumin-to-creatinine ratio.
Age0.967 (0.941 - 0.995)0.0210.972 (0.943 - 1.003)0.073
LDL0.990 (0.983 - 0.998)0.0090.995 (0.986 - 1.005)0.364
Triglyceride0.993 (0.988 - 0.998)0.0060.995 (0.989 - 1.001)0.125
Glucose0.977 (0.955 - 0.998)0.0360.976 (0.952 - 1.001)0.055
hsCRP0.769 (0.706 - 0.837)< 0.0010.807 (0.735 - 0.886)< 0.001
UACR0.983 (0.979 - 0.988)< 0.0010.988 (0.983 - 0.993)< 0.001
Gensini score0.983 (0.977 - 0.989)< 0.0010.995 (0.986 - 1.004)0.254
The number of DCA0.623 (0.470 - 0.825)0.0010.864 (0.602 - 1.239)0.426
Duke treadmill score1.040 (1.015 - 1.066)0.0021.010 (0.981 - 1.040)0.496