Cardiol Res

Cardiology Research, ISSN 1923-2829 print, 1923-2837 online, Open Access

Article copyright, the authors; Journal compilation copyright, Cardiol Res and Elmer Press Inc

Journal website https://www.cardiologyres.org

Original Article

Volume 8, Number 5, October 2017, pages 206-213

Association of Heart Rate Recovery With Microalbuminuria in Non-Obstructive Coronary Artery Disease

Figure 1. ROC curve analysis of UACR for predicting lower HRR value in all patients with non-obstructive CAD. CAD: coronary artery disease; HRR: heart rate recovery; UACR: urinary albumin-to-creatinine ratio.

**Table 1.** Baseline Clinical, Demographic and Laboratory Characteristics of Non-Obstructive Coronary Artery Disase Patients With and Without Microalbuminuria
Variables	Non-obstructive coronary artery disease	P value
BMI: body mass index; DCA: diseased coronary arteries; DBP: diastolic blood pressure; HDL: high-density lipoprotein; HR1: heart rate at first minute; HRR: heart rate recovery; hsCRP: high-sensitive C-reactive protein; LDL: low-density lipoprotein; eGFR: estimated glomerular filtration rate; SBP: systolic blood pressure; UACR: urinary albumin-to-creatinine ratio.
Age (years)	55 ± 6	53 ± 7	0.107
Female, n (%)	63 (41%)	153 (37%)	0.340
SBP (mm Hg)	130 ± 9	128 ± 10	0.013
DBP (mm Hg)	80 ± 7	78 ± 7	0.006
BMI (kg/m²)	28.0 ± 2.1	27.7 ± 2.2	0.058
Family history, n (%)	10 (9.8%)	29 (7.0%)	0.854
Ejection fraction (%)	61 ± 6	62 ± 4	0.590
Total cholesterol (mg/dL)	211 ± 28	208 ± 26	0.288
HDL (mg/dL)	48 ± 8	48 ± 9	0.700
LDL (mg/dL)	126 ± 26	123 ± 27	0.334
Triglyceride (mg/dL)	185 ± 40	180 ± 41	0.242
Glucose (mg/dL)	92 ± 9	90 ± 9	0.134
Creatinine (mg/dL)	0.91 ± 0.16	0.89 ± 0.14	0.151
eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m²)	85 ± 20	88 ± 21	0.106
hsCRP (mg/L)	4.1 ± 2.3	3.5 ± 2.2	0.005
UACR (mg/g)	92 ± 27	8 ± 3	< 0.001
Gensini score	64 ± 37	44 ± 25	< 0.001
The number of DCA	2.2 ± 0.7	2.0 ± 0.7	0.012
One-vessel, n (%)	32 (28%)	109 (52%)	0.194
Two-vessel, n (%)	63 (46%)	201 (36%)	0.127
Three-vessel, n (%)	57 (26%)	103 (12%)	0.003
Baseline heart rate, beats/min	70 ± 11	68 ± 12	0.576
Max heart rate, beats/min	154 ± 9	156 ± 10	0.007
HR1, beats/min	139 ± 10	133 ± 13	< 0.001
HRR, beats/min	15 ± 7	24 ± 9	< 0.001
Duke treadmill score	4.1 ± 8.1	7.1 ± 7.2	< 0.001

Table 1. Baseline Clinical, Demographic and Laboratory Characteristics of Non-Obstructive Coronary Artery Disase Patients With and Without Microalbuminuria

Variables

Non-obstructive coronary artery disease

P value

With microalbuminuria (n = 152)

Without microalbuminuria (n = 413)

BMI: body mass index; DCA: diseased coronary arteries; DBP: diastolic blood pressure; HDL: high-density lipoprotein; HR1: heart rate at first minute; HRR: heart rate recovery; hsCRP: high-sensitive C-reactive protein; LDL: low-density lipoprotein; eGFR: estimated glomerular filtration rate; SBP: systolic blood pressure; UACR: urinary albumin-to-creatinine ratio.

Age (years)

55 ± 6

53 ± 7

0.107

Female, n (%)

63 (41%)

153 (37%)

0.340

SBP (mm Hg)

130 ± 9

128 ± 10

0.013

DBP (mm Hg)

80 ± 7

78 ± 7

0.006

BMI (kg/m²)

28.0 ± 2.1

27.7 ± 2.2

0.058

Family history, n (%)

10 (9.8%)

29 (7.0%)

0.854

Ejection fraction (%)

61 ± 6

62 ± 4

0.590

Total cholesterol (mg/dL)

211 ± 28

208 ± 26

0.288

HDL (mg/dL)

48 ± 8

48 ± 9

0.700

LDL (mg/dL)

126 ± 26

123 ± 27

0.334

Triglyceride (mg/dL)

185 ± 40

180 ± 41

0.242

Glucose (mg/dL)

92 ± 9

90 ± 9

0.134

Creatinine (mg/dL)

0.91 ± 0.16

0.89 ± 0.14

0.151

eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m²)

85 ± 20

88 ± 21

0.106

hsCRP (mg/L)

4.1 ± 2.3

3.5 ± 2.2

0.005

UACR (mg/g)

92 ± 27

8 ± 3

< 0.001

Gensini score

64 ± 37

44 ± 25

< 0.001

The number of DCA

2.2 ± 0.7

2.0 ± 0.7

0.012

One-vessel, n (%)

32 (28%)

109 (52%)

0.194

Two-vessel, n (%)

63 (46%)

201 (36%)

0.127

Three-vessel, n (%)

57 (26%)

103 (12%)

0.003

Baseline heart rate, beats/min

70 ± 11

68 ± 12

0.576

Max heart rate, beats/min

154 ± 9

156 ± 10

0.007

HR1, beats/min

139 ± 10

133 ± 13

< 0.001

HRR, beats/min

15 ± 7

24 ± 9

< 0.001

Duke treadmill score

4.1 ± 8.1

7.1 ± 7.2

< 0.001

**Table 2.** Baseline Clinical, Demographic and Laboratory Characteristics of the Patients According to the Values of HRR (≤ 12 beats/min vs. > 12 beats/min)
Variables	Heart rate recovery	P value
BMI: body mass index; DCA: diseased coronary arteries; HDL: high-density lipoprotein; HRR: heart rate recovery; hsCRP: high-sensitive C-reactive protein; LDL: low-density lipoprotein; eGFR: estimated glomerular filtration rate; UACR: urinary albumin-to-creatinine ratio.
Age (years)	55 ± 7	54 ± 7	0.021
Female, n (%)	46 (37%)	170 (39%)	0.652
Systolic blood pressure (mm Hg)	129 ± 10	128 ± 9	0.061
Diastolic blood pressure (mm Hg)	79 ± 8	78 ± 7	0.225
BMI (kg/m²)	27.9 ± 2.1	27.6 ± 2.2	0.236
Ejection fraction (%)	61 ± 5	62 ± 5	0.170
Total cholesterol (mg/dL)	213 ± 28	207 ± 25	0.069
HDL (mg/dL)	47 ± 9	48 ± 8	0.101
LDL (mg/dL)	129 ± 28	122 ± 26	0.009
Triglyceride (mg/dL)	190 ± 44	178 ± 39	0.006
Glucose (mg/dL)	92 ± 9	90 ± 9	0.036
Creatinine (mg/dL)	0.90 ± 0.13	0.88 ± 0.15	0.629
eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m²)	86 ± 19	87 ± 20	0.547
hsCRP (mg/L)	4.8 ± 2.8	3.3 ± 2.0	< 0.001
UACR (mg/g)	54 ± 50	24 ± 34	< 0.001
Gensini score	62 ± 36	46 ± 27	< 0.001
The number of DCA	2.1 ± 0.7	2.0 ± 0.7	0.012
One-vessel involvement, n (%)	18 (14.3%)	123 (28%)	0.002
Two-vessel involvement, n (%)	61 (48.4%)	203 (46%)	0.667
Three-vessel involvement, n (%)	47 (37.3%)	113 (26%)	0.014
Baseline heart rate, beats/min	71 ± 13	69 ± 11	0.076
HRR, beats/min	9 ± 2	25 ± 7	< 0.001
Duke treadmill score	4.4 ± 7.9	6.8 ± 7.3	0.001

Table 2. Baseline Clinical, Demographic and Laboratory Characteristics of the Patients According to the Values of HRR (≤ 12 beats/min vs. > 12 beats/min)

Variables

Heart rate recovery

P value

≤ 12 (n = 126)

> 12 (n = 439)

BMI: body mass index; DCA: diseased coronary arteries; HDL: high-density lipoprotein; HRR: heart rate recovery; hsCRP: high-sensitive C-reactive protein; LDL: low-density lipoprotein; eGFR: estimated glomerular filtration rate; UACR: urinary albumin-to-creatinine ratio.

Age (years)

55 ± 7

54 ± 7

0.021

Female, n (%)

46 (37%)

170 (39%)

0.652

Systolic blood pressure (mm Hg)

129 ± 10

128 ± 9

0.061

Diastolic blood pressure (mm Hg)

79 ± 8

78 ± 7

0.225

BMI (kg/m²)

27.9 ± 2.1

27.6 ± 2.2

0.236

Ejection fraction (%)

61 ± 5

62 ± 5

0.170

Total cholesterol (mg/dL)

213 ± 28

207 ± 25

0.069

HDL (mg/dL)

47 ± 9

48 ± 8

0.101

LDL (mg/dL)

129 ± 28

122 ± 26

0.009

Triglyceride (mg/dL)

190 ± 44

178 ± 39

0.006

Glucose (mg/dL)

92 ± 9

90 ± 9

0.036

Creatinine (mg/dL)

0.90 ± 0.13

0.88 ± 0.15

0.629

eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m²)

86 ± 19

87 ± 20

0.547

hsCRP (mg/L)

4.8 ± 2.8

3.3 ± 2.0

< 0.001

UACR (mg/g)

54 ± 50

24 ± 34

< 0.001

Gensini score

62 ± 36

46 ± 27

< 0.001

The number of DCA

2.1 ± 0.7

2.0 ± 0.7

0.012

One-vessel involvement, n (%)

18 (14.3%)

123 (28%)

0.002

Two-vessel involvement, n (%)

61 (48.4%)

203 (46%)

0.667

Three-vessel involvement, n (%)

47 (37.3%)

113 (26%)

0.014

Baseline heart rate, beats/min

71 ± 13

69 ± 11

0.076

HRR, beats/min

9 ± 2

25 ± 7

< 0.001

Duke treadmill score

4.4 ± 7.9

6.8 ± 7.3

0.001

**Table 3.** Independent Predictors of the Presence of Lower HRR Value (≤ 12 beats/min) in Patients With Non-Obstructive Coronary Artery Disease
Variables	Univariate analysis	Multivariate analysis
CI: confidence interval; HRR: heart rate recovery; hsCRP: high-sensitive C-reactive protein; DCA: diseased coronary arteries; LDL: low-densitiy lipoprotein; UACR: urinary albumin-to-creatinine ratio.
Age	0.967 (0.941 - 0.995)	0.021	0.972 (0.943 - 1.003)	0.073
LDL	0.990 (0.983 - 0.998)	0.009	0.995 (0.986 - 1.005)	0.364
Triglyceride	0.993 (0.988 - 0.998)	0.006	0.995 (0.989 - 1.001)	0.125
Glucose	0.977 (0.955 - 0.998)	0.036	0.976 (0.952 - 1.001)	0.055
hsCRP	0.769 (0.706 - 0.837)	< 0.001	0.807 (0.735 - 0.886)	< 0.001
UACR	0.983 (0.979 - 0.988)	< 0.001	0.988 (0.983 - 0.993)	< 0.001
Gensini score	0.983 (0.977 - 0.989)	< 0.001	0.995 (0.986 - 1.004)	0.254
The number of DCA	0.623 (0.470 - 0.825)	0.001	0.864 (0.602 - 1.239)	0.426
Duke treadmill score	1.040 (1.015 - 1.066)	0.002	1.010 (0.981 - 1.040)	0.496

Table 3. Independent Predictors of the Presence of Lower HRR Value (≤ 12 beats/min) in Patients With Non-Obstructive Coronary Artery Disease

Variables

Univariate analysis

Multivariate analysis

Odds ratio (95% CI)

P value

Odds ratio (95% CI)

P value

CI: confidence interval; HRR: heart rate recovery; hsCRP: high-sensitive C-reactive protein; DCA: diseased coronary arteries; LDL: low-densitiy lipoprotein; UACR: urinary albumin-to-creatinine ratio.

Age

0.967 (0.941 - 0.995)

0.021

0.972 (0.943 - 1.003)

0.073

LDL

0.990 (0.983 - 0.998)

0.009

0.995 (0.986 - 1.005)

0.364

Triglyceride

0.993 (0.988 - 0.998)

0.006

0.995 (0.989 - 1.001)

0.125

Glucose

0.977 (0.955 - 0.998)

0.036

0.976 (0.952 - 1.001)

0.055

hsCRP

0.769 (0.706 - 0.837)

< 0.001

0.807 (0.735 - 0.886)

< 0.001

UACR

0.983 (0.979 - 0.988)

< 0.001

0.988 (0.983 - 0.993)

< 0.001

Gensini score

0.983 (0.977 - 0.989)

< 0.001

0.995 (0.986 - 1.004)

0.254

The number of DCA

0.623 (0.470 - 0.825)

0.001

0.864 (0.602 - 1.239)

0.426

Duke treadmill score

1.040 (1.015 - 1.066)

0.002

1.010 (0.981 - 1.040)

0.496