Cardiol Res

Cardiology Research, ISSN 1923-2829 print, 1923-2837 online, Open Access

Article copyright, the authors; Journal compilation copyright, Cardiol Res and Elmer Press Inc

Journal website https://www.cardiologyres.org

Original Article

Volume 2, Number 5, October 2011, pages 208-217

Rotational Atherectomy and Stent Implantation for Calcified Left Main Lesions

Figure 1. Major adverse cardiovascular events in patients with protected and unprotected left main coronary artery interventions. Kaplan-Meier incidence curves of major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE) in patients with protected and unprotected left main coronary artery interventions. Incidences in the 2 groups were statistically compared with a log-rank test.

**Table 1.** Procedural Characteristics
	Total	Protected	Unprotected	P-value	No Stent	DES	P-value
Numbers represent mean ± standard deviation or a percentage of the total.
BMS = bare metal stent; DES = drug-eluting stent; RA = rotational atherectomy; atm = atmospheres.
Reason for RA
Outright/planned	94% (29/31)	90% (18/20)	100% (11/11)		100% (8/8)	95% (20/21)
Moderate or severe calcification	97% (30/31)	95% (19/20)	100% (11/11)		100% (8/8)	95% (20/21)
Prevent side branch occlusion	52% (16/31)	45% (9/20)	64% (7/11)		38% (3/8)	62% (13/21)
Decrease lesion eccentricity	23% (7/31)	35% (7/20)	0% (0/11)		12% (1/8)	24% (5/21)
In-stent restenosis	3% (1/31)	0% (0/20)	9% (1/11)		12% (1/8)	0% (0/21)
Bail-out/balloon did not pass	6% (2/31)	10% (2/20)	0% (0/11)	0.527	0% (0/8)	5% (1/21)	1.0
Burrs
Number of burrs	1.3 ± 0.5 (21)	1.2 ± 0.4 (20)	1.4 ± 0.7 (11)	0.595	1.4 ± 0.7 (8)	1.2 ± 0.4 (21)	0.378
Final burr size (mm)	1.51 ± 0.22 (21)	1.50 ± 0.21 (20)	1.54 ± 0.24 (11)	0.689	1.52 ± 0.31 (8)	1.50 ± 0.16 (21)	0.101
Final burr-to-vessel ratio	0.43 ± 0.07 (21)	0.44 ± 0.08 (20)	0.41 ± 0.06 (11)	0.132	0.43 ± 0.06 (8)	0.43 ± 0.06 (21)	0.877

Table 1. Procedural Characteristics

Total

Protected

Unprotected

P-value

No Stent

DES

P-value

Numbers represent mean ± standard deviation or a percentage of the total.

BMS = bare metal stent; DES = drug-eluting stent; RA = rotational atherectomy; atm = atmospheres.

Reason for RA

Outright/planned

94% (29/31)

90% (18/20)

100% (11/11)

100% (8/8)

95% (20/21)

Moderate or severe calcification

97% (30/31)

95% (19/20)

100% (11/11)

100% (8/8)

95% (20/21)

Prevent side branch occlusion

52% (16/31)

45% (9/20)

64% (7/11)

38% (3/8)

62% (13/21)

Decrease lesion eccentricity

23% (7/31)

35% (7/20)

0% (0/11)

12% (1/8)

24% (5/21)

In-stent restenosis

3% (1/31)

0% (0/20)

9% (1/11)

12% (1/8)

0% (0/21)

Bail-out/balloon did not pass

6% (2/31)

10% (2/20)

0% (0/11)

0.527

0% (0/8)

5% (1/21)

1.0

Burrs

Number of burrs

1.3 ± 0.5 (21)

1.2 ± 0.4 (20)

1.4 ± 0.7 (11)

0.595

1.4 ± 0.7 (8)

1.2 ± 0.4 (21)

0.378

Final burr size (mm)

1.51 ± 0.22 (21)

1.50 ± 0.21 (20)

1.54 ± 0.24 (11)

0.689

1.52 ± 0.31 (8)

1.50 ± 0.16 (21)

0.101

Final burr-to-vessel ratio

0.43 ± 0.07 (21)

0.44 ± 0.08 (20)

0.41 ± 0.06 (11)

0.132

0.43 ± 0.06 (8)

0.43 ± 0.06 (21)

0.877

**Table 2.** Patient Demographics, Medical History and Presentation
	Total	Protected	Unprotected	P-value	No Stent	DES	P-value
Numbers represent mean ± standard deviation or a percentage of the total.
CABG = coronary artery bypass graft surgery; DES = drug-eluting stent; MI = myocardial infarction; PCI = percutaneous coronary intervention.
Number of patients	31	20	11		8	21
Age, mean ± SD (n) (years)	75.5 ± 9.4 (31)	74.8 ± 8.4 (20)	76.9 ± 11 (11)	0.560	74.6 ± 9.7 (8)	76.8 ± 8.8 (21)	0.565
Gender, % (n) male	71% (22/31)	75% (14/20)	73% (8/11)	1.0	75% (6/8)	71% (15/21)	1.0
Race, % (n) Caucasian	32% (10/31)	38% (8/20)	18% (2/11)	0.437	25% (2/8)	33% (7/21)	0.954
% (n) Asian	26% (8/31)	25% (4/20)	36% (4/11)		25% (2/8)	29% (6/21)
% (n) Hispanic	32% (10/31)	25% (5/20)	45% (5/11)		38% (3/8)	29% (6/21)
% (n) African-American	6% (2/31)	12% (2/20)	0% (0/11)		12% (1/8)	5% (1/21)
Hypertension	84% (26/31)	88% (18/20)	73% (8/11)	0.317	100% (8/8)	76% (16/21)	0.283
Diabetes mellitus	61% (19/31)	55% (11/20)	73% (8/11)	0.452	50% (4/8)	62% (13/21)	0.683
Insulin-dependent	19% (6/31)	10% (2/20)	36% (4/11)	0.151	12% (1/8)	24% (5/21)	0.647
Hyperlipidemia	65% (20/31)	85% (17/20)	27% (3/11)	0.004	62% (5/8)	67% (14/21)	1.0
Current smoker	6% (2/31)	5% (1/20)	9% (1/11)	1.0	0% (0/8)	5% (1/21)	1.0
Prior PCI	32% (10/31)	30% (6/20)	36% (4/11)	1.0	25% (2/8)	38% (8/21)	0.675
Remote MI	26% (8/31)	30% (6/20)	18% (2/11)	0.676	38% (3/8)	19% (4/21)	0.357
Prior CABG	68% (21/31)	100% (20/20)	9% (1/11)	< 0.001	62% (5/8)	67% (14/21)	1.0
Years since CABG	10.0 ± 5.8 (21)	10.4 ± 5.7 (20)	3 (1)		8 ± 7 (8)	11 ± 5 (21)
Creatinine (mg/dl)	1.5 ± 1.1 (31)	1.4 ± 1.2 (20)	1.5 ± 0.9 (11)	0.861	1.1 ± 1.3 (8)	1.4 ± 0.6 (21)	0.368
% (n) ≥ 1.4	32% (10/31)	30% (6/20)	36% (4/11)	1.0	25% (2/8)	38% (8/21)	0.372
Hemodialysis	5% (2/31)	5% (1/20)	9% (1/11)	1.0	0% (0/8)	5% (1/21)	1.0
Ejection fraction	44±15% (30)	49±13% (19)	34±14% (11)	0.004	41±14% (8)	44±15% (21)	0.618
% (n) ≤ 50%	70% (21/30)	58% (11/19)	91% (10/11)	0.1	88% (7/8)	62% (13/21)	0.372
Presentation				0.051			0.145
Stable angina	45% (14/31)	50% (10/20)	36% (4/11)		50% (4/8)	48% (10/21)
Unstable angina	16% (5/31)	25% (5/20)	0% (0/11)		0% (0/8)	24% (5/21)
Silent ischemia	13% (4/31)	15% (3/20)	9% (1/11)		0% (0/8)	14% (3/21)
Recent MI	23% (7/31)	10% (2/20)	45% (5/11)		38% (3/8)	14% (3/21)
Cardiogenic shock	3% (1/31)	0% (0/20)	9% (1/11)		12% (1/8)	0% (0/21)
LMCA + 2 vessel disease	13% (4/31)	0% (0/20)	36% (4/11)	0.010	12% (1/8)	14% (3/21)	1.0
LMCA + 3 vessel disease	84% (26/31)	95% (19/20)	64% (7/11)	0.042	88% (7/8)	81% (17/21)	1.0
Moderate-severe calcification	100% (31/31)	100% (20/20)	100% (11/11)	1.0	100% (8/8)	100% (21/21)	1.0
Involved distal segment	84% (26/31)	85% (17/20)	82% (9/11)	1.0	75% (6/8)	86% (18/21)	0.597
Involved bifurcation	65% (20/31)	70% (14/20)	55% (6/11)	0.452	62% (5/8)	62% (13/21)	1.0

Table 2. Patient Demographics, Medical History and Presentation

Total

Protected

Unprotected

P-value

No Stent

DES

P-value

Numbers represent mean ± standard deviation or a percentage of the total.

CABG = coronary artery bypass graft surgery; DES = drug-eluting stent; MI = myocardial infarction; PCI = percutaneous coronary intervention.

Number of patients

Age, mean ± SD (n) (years)

75.5 ± 9.4 (31)

74.8 ± 8.4 (20)

76.9 ± 11 (11)

0.560

74.6 ± 9.7 (8)

76.8 ± 8.8 (21)

0.565

Gender, % (n) male

71% (22/31)

75% (14/20)

73% (8/11)

1.0

75% (6/8)

71% (15/21)

1.0

Race, % (n) Caucasian

32% (10/31)

38% (8/20)

18% (2/11)

0.437

25% (2/8)

33% (7/21)

0.954

% (n) Asian

26% (8/31)

25% (4/20)

36% (4/11)

25% (2/8)

29% (6/21)

% (n) Hispanic

32% (10/31)

25% (5/20)

45% (5/11)

38% (3/8)

29% (6/21)

% (n) African-American

6% (2/31)

12% (2/20)

0% (0/11)

12% (1/8)

5% (1/21)

Hypertension

84% (26/31)

88% (18/20)

73% (8/11)

0.317

100% (8/8)

76% (16/21)

0.283

Diabetes mellitus

61% (19/31)

55% (11/20)

73% (8/11)

0.452

50% (4/8)

62% (13/21)

0.683

Insulin-dependent

19% (6/31)

10% (2/20)

36% (4/11)

0.151

12% (1/8)

24% (5/21)

0.647

Hyperlipidemia

65% (20/31)

85% (17/20)

27% (3/11)

0.004

62% (5/8)

67% (14/21)

1.0

Current smoker

6% (2/31)

5% (1/20)

9% (1/11)

1.0

0% (0/8)

5% (1/21)

1.0

Prior PCI

32% (10/31)

30% (6/20)

36% (4/11)

1.0

25% (2/8)

38% (8/21)

0.675

Remote MI

26% (8/31)

30% (6/20)

18% (2/11)

0.676

38% (3/8)

19% (4/21)

0.357

Prior CABG

68% (21/31)

100% (20/20)

9% (1/11)

< 0.001

62% (5/8)

67% (14/21)

1.0

Years since CABG

10.0 ± 5.8 (21)

10.4 ± 5.7 (20)

3 (1)

8 ± 7 (8)

11 ± 5 (21)

Creatinine (mg/dl)

1.5 ± 1.1 (31)

1.4 ± 1.2 (20)

1.5 ± 0.9 (11)

0.861

1.1 ± 1.3 (8)

1.4 ± 0.6 (21)

0.368

% (n) ≥ 1.4

32% (10/31)

30% (6/20)

36% (4/11)

1.0

25% (2/8)

38% (8/21)

0.372

Hemodialysis

5% (2/31)

5% (1/20)

9% (1/11)

1.0

0% (0/8)

5% (1/21)

1.0

Ejection fraction

44±15% (30)

49±13% (19)

34±14% (11)

0.004

41±14% (8)

44±15% (21)

0.618

% (n) ≤ 50%

70% (21/30)

58% (11/19)

91% (10/11)

0.1

88% (7/8)

62% (13/21)

0.372

Presentation

0.051

0.145

Stable angina

45% (14/31)

50% (10/20)

36% (4/11)

50% (4/8)

48% (10/21)

Unstable angina

16% (5/31)

25% (5/20)

0% (0/11)

0% (0/8)

24% (5/21)

Silent ischemia

13% (4/31)

15% (3/20)

9% (1/11)

0% (0/8)

14% (3/21)

Recent MI

23% (7/31)

10% (2/20)

45% (5/11)

38% (3/8)

14% (3/21)

Cardiogenic shock

3% (1/31)

0% (0/20)

9% (1/11)

12% (1/8)

0% (0/21)

LMCA + 2 vessel disease

13% (4/31)

0% (0/20)

36% (4/11)

0.010

12% (1/8)

14% (3/21)

1.0

LMCA + 3 vessel disease

84% (26/31)

95% (19/20)

64% (7/11)

0.042

88% (7/8)

81% (17/21)

1.0

Moderate-severe calcification

100% (31/31)

100% (20/20)

100% (11/11)

1.0

100% (8/8)

100% (21/21)

1.0

Involved distal segment

84% (26/31)

85% (17/20)

82% (9/11)

1.0

75% (6/8)

86% (18/21)

0.597

Involved bifurcation

65% (20/31)

70% (14/20)

55% (6/11)

0.452

62% (5/8)

62% (13/21)

1.0

**Table 3.** Quantitative Coronary Angiography
	Total	Protected	Unprotected	P-value	No Sent	DES	P-value
Numbers represent mean ± standard deviation or a percentage of the total.
DES = drug-eluting stent; MLD = minimal luminal diameter; PTCA = percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty; RA = rotational atherectomy.
Lesion length (mm)	6.55 ± 3.0 (31)	6.5 ± 3.2 (20)	6.6 ± 2.7 (11)	0.905	6.6 ± 3.8 (8)	6.6 ± 2.9 (21)	0.967
Reference vessel diameter	3.55 ± 0.50 (31)	3.41 ± 0.43 (20)	3.80 ± 0.52 (11)	0.031	3.57 ± 0.63 (8)	3.51 ± 0.43 (21)	0.796
Initial MLD	1.18 ± 0.59 (31)	1.01 ± 0.54 (20)	1.50 ± 0.57 (11)	0.026	1.20 ± 0.79 (8)	1.14 ± 0.52 (21)	0.827
% Diameter stenosis
Initially	67±15% (31)	70±15% (20)	61±13% (11)	0.076	68±18% (8)	67±14% (21)	0.933
After RA ± PTCA	40±13% (31)	39±14% (20)	41±12% (11)	0.708	34±17% (8)	42±11% (21)	0.145
After stent	14±12% (23)	15±13% (16)	11±12% (7)	0.487		13±13% (21)
At follow-up	20±18% (11)	19±19% (9)	25±18% (2)		38% (1)	18±19% (9)
Acute gain
With no stent	1.11 ± 0.76 (8)	1.55 ± 0.71 (4)	0.67 ± 0.58 (4)		1.11 ± 0.76 (8)
With stenting	1.84 ± 0.64 (23)	1.85 ± 0.74 (16)	1.82 ± 0.36 (7)			1.87 ± 0.66 (21)
Follow-up angiography available	35% (11/31)	45% (9/20)	18% (2/11)		12% (1/8)	43% (9/21)
Mean ± SD (n) (months)	15.8 ± 11.6 (11)	15.5 ± 12.3 (9)	17.2 ± 10.9 (2)		25.0 (1)	13.7 ± 11.8 (9)
Late loss (mm)	0.26 ± 0.40 (11)	0.24 ± 0.44 (8)	0.32 ± 0.18 (2)		0.19 (1)	0.27 ± 0.45 (9)
Binary restenosis	9% (1/11)	11% (1/9)	0% (0/2)		0% (0/1)	11% (1/9)
Angiographic success	90% (28/31)	95% (19/20)	82% (9/11)	0.281	62% (5/8)	100% (21/21)	0.015
Procedural success	87% (27/31)	95% (19/20)	73% (8/11)	0.115	62% (5/8)	95% (20/21)	0.052

Table 3. Quantitative Coronary Angiography

Total

Protected

Unprotected

P-value

No Sent

DES

P-value

Numbers represent mean ± standard deviation or a percentage of the total.

DES = drug-eluting stent; MLD = minimal luminal diameter; PTCA = percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty; RA = rotational atherectomy.

Lesion length (mm)

6.55 ± 3.0 (31)

6.5 ± 3.2 (20)

6.6 ± 2.7 (11)

0.905

6.6 ± 3.8 (8)

6.6 ± 2.9 (21)

0.967

Reference vessel diameter

3.55 ± 0.50 (31)

3.41 ± 0.43 (20)

3.80 ± 0.52 (11)

0.031

3.57 ± 0.63 (8)

3.51 ± 0.43 (21)

0.796

Initial MLD

1.18 ± 0.59 (31)

1.01 ± 0.54 (20)

1.50 ± 0.57 (11)

0.026

1.20 ± 0.79 (8)

1.14 ± 0.52 (21)

0.827

% Diameter stenosis

Initially

67±15% (31)

70±15% (20)

61±13% (11)

0.076

68±18% (8)

67±14% (21)

0.933

After RA ± PTCA

40±13% (31)

39±14% (20)

41±12% (11)

0.708

34±17% (8)

42±11% (21)

0.145

After stent

14±12% (23)

15±13% (16)

11±12% (7)

0.487

13±13% (21)

At follow-up

20±18% (11)

19±19% (9)

25±18% (2)

38% (1)

18±19% (9)

Acute gain

With no stent

1.11 ± 0.76 (8)

1.55 ± 0.71 (4)

0.67 ± 0.58 (4)

1.11 ± 0.76 (8)

With stenting

1.84 ± 0.64 (23)

1.85 ± 0.74 (16)

1.82 ± 0.36 (7)

1.87 ± 0.66 (21)

Follow-up angiography available

35% (11/31)

45% (9/20)

18% (2/11)

12% (1/8)

43% (9/21)

Mean ± SD (n) (months)

15.8 ± 11.6 (11)

15.5 ± 12.3 (9)

17.2 ± 10.9 (2)

25.0 (1)

13.7 ± 11.8 (9)

Late loss (mm)

0.26 ± 0.40 (11)

0.24 ± 0.44 (8)

0.32 ± 0.18 (2)

0.19 (1)

0.27 ± 0.45 (9)

Binary restenosis

9% (1/11)

11% (1/9)

0% (0/2)

0% (0/1)

11% (1/9)

Angiographic success

90% (28/31)

95% (19/20)

82% (9/11)

0.281

62% (5/8)

100% (21/21)

0.015

Procedural success

87% (27/31)

95% (19/20)

73% (8/11)

0.115

62% (5/8)

95% (20/21)

0.052

**Table 4.** In-Hospital Outcomes and Procedural Complications
	Total
Numbers represent a percentage of the total.
* = 1 death was unprotected LMCA treated with a drug-eluting stent; CABG = coronary artery bypass graft surgery; MACE = major adverse cardiovascular events; MI = myocardial infarction.
Death	3% (1/31)
CABG	0% (0/31)
Q-wave MI	0% (0/31)
Non Q-wave MI	0% (0/31)
MACE	3% (1/31)
Dissection	0% (0/31)
Perforation	0% (0/31)
Spasm	0% (0/31)
Thrombosis	0% (0/31)
No reflow	0% (0/31)
Side branch occlusion	0% (0/31)
Hypotension and/or bradycardia	0% (0/31)

Table 4. In-Hospital Outcomes and Procedural Complications

Total

Numbers represent a percentage of the total.

* = 1 death was unprotected LMCA treated with a drug-eluting stent; CABG = coronary artery bypass graft surgery; MACE = major adverse cardiovascular events; MI = myocardial infarction.

Death

3% (1/31)

CABG

0% (0/31)

Q-wave MI

0% (0/31)

Non Q-wave MI

0% (0/31)

MACE

3% (1/31)

Dissection

0% (0/31)

Perforation

0% (0/31)

Spasm

0% (0/31)

Thrombosis

0% (0/31)

No reflow

0% (0/31)

Side branch occlusion

0% (0/31)

Hypotension and/or bradycardia

0% (0/31)

**Table 5.** Mid-term Outcomes
	Total	Protected	Unprotected	P-value	No Stent	DES	P-value
Numbers represent mean ± standard deviation or a percentage of the total.
* = 1 target lesion revascularization; † = P-value is 0.0697 by log-rank test; CABG = coronary artery bypass graft surgery; DES = drug-eluting stent; LMCA = left main coronary artery; MACE = major adverse cardiac events; MI = myocardial infarction; MLD = minimal luminal diameter; PCI = percutaneous coronary intervention.
Follow-up available	74% (23/31)	80% (16/20)	64% (7/11)	0.405	50% (4/8)	86% (18/21)	0.068
Mean ± SD (n) (months)	15.3 ± 13.9 (23)	18.4 ± 14.8 (16)	8.3 ± 8.5 (7)		13.0 ± 11.9 (4)	15.3 ± 14.7 (18)
MACE	26% (6/23)	19% (3/16)	43% (3/7)	0.638†	50% (2/4)	22% (4/18)	1.0
Mean ± SD (n) (months)	11.9 ± 10.6 (6)	14.3 ± 8.8 (3)	9.3 ± 13.6 (3)		14.7 ± 14.7 (2)	10.5 ± 10.4 (4)
Death	13% (3/23)	6% (1/16)	29% (2/7)	0.281	25% (1/4)	11% (2/18)	1.0
Mean ± SD (n) (months)	2.4 ± 1.9 (3)	4.3 (1)	1.5 ± 1.5 (2)		4.3 (1)	1.5 ± 1.5 (2)
CABG	0% (0/22)
Q-wave MI	0% (0/22)
Non Q-wave MI	4% (1/23)	0% (0/16)	14% (1/7)	0.355	25% (1/4)	0% (0/18)	0.276
Mean (n) (months)	25.0 (1)		25.0 (1)		25.0 (1)
Target vessel revascularization*	9% (2/23)	9% (2/23)	0% (0/7)	1.0	0% (0/4)	9% (2/23)	1.0
Mean (n) (months)	19.4 ± 1.6 (2)	19.4 ± 1.6 (2)
Recurrent angina	18% (4/22)	19% (3/16)	17% (1/6)	1.0	50% (2/4)	12% (2/17)	0.555
Mean ± SD (n) (months)	17.0 ± 8.9 (4)	14.3 ± 8.8 (3)	24.9 (1)		14.6 ± 14.7 (2)	19.4 ± 1.6 (2)
Alive and free from angina	83% (19/23)	94% (15/16)	57% (4/7)	0.056	50% (2/4)	89% (16/18)	0.028
Mean ± SD (n) (months)	16.8 ± 14.1 (19)	19.3 ± 14.8 (15)	7.6 ± 4.6 (4)		11.3 ± 14.1 (2)	17.5 ± 14.4 (16)

Table 5. Mid-term Outcomes

Total

Protected

Unprotected

P-value

No Stent

DES

P-value

Numbers represent mean ± standard deviation or a percentage of the total.

* = 1 target lesion revascularization; † = P-value is 0.0697 by log-rank test; CABG = coronary artery bypass graft surgery; DES = drug-eluting stent; LMCA = left main coronary artery; MACE = major adverse cardiac events; MI = myocardial infarction; MLD = minimal luminal diameter; PCI = percutaneous coronary intervention.

Follow-up available

74% (23/31)

80% (16/20)

64% (7/11)

0.405

50% (4/8)

86% (18/21)

0.068

Mean ± SD (n) (months)

15.3 ± 13.9 (23)

18.4 ± 14.8 (16)

8.3 ± 8.5 (7)

13.0 ± 11.9 (4)

15.3 ± 14.7 (18)

MACE

26% (6/23)

19% (3/16)

43% (3/7)

0.638†

50% (2/4)

22% (4/18)

1.0

Mean ± SD (n) (months)

11.9 ± 10.6 (6)

14.3 ± 8.8 (3)

9.3 ± 13.6 (3)

14.7 ± 14.7 (2)

10.5 ± 10.4 (4)

Death

13% (3/23)

6% (1/16)

29% (2/7)

0.281

25% (1/4)

11% (2/18)

1.0

Mean ± SD (n) (months)

2.4 ± 1.9 (3)

4.3 (1)

1.5 ± 1.5 (2)

4.3 (1)

1.5 ± 1.5 (2)

CABG

0% (0/22)

Q-wave MI

0% (0/22)

Non Q-wave MI

4% (1/23)

0% (0/16)

14% (1/7)

0.355

25% (1/4)

0% (0/18)

0.276

Mean (n) (months)

25.0 (1)

Target vessel revascularization*

9% (2/23)

0% (0/7)

1.0

0% (0/4)

9% (2/23)

1.0

Mean (n) (months)

19.4 ± 1.6 (2)

Recurrent angina

18% (4/22)

19% (3/16)

17% (1/6)

1.0

50% (2/4)

12% (2/17)

0.555

Mean ± SD (n) (months)

17.0 ± 8.9 (4)

14.3 ± 8.8 (3)

24.9 (1)

14.6 ± 14.7 (2)

19.4 ± 1.6 (2)

Alive and free from angina

83% (19/23)

94% (15/16)

57% (4/7)

0.056

50% (2/4)

89% (16/18)

0.028

Mean ± SD (n) (months)

16.8 ± 14.1 (19)

19.3 ± 14.8 (15)

7.6 ± 4.6 (4)

11.3 ± 14.1 (2)

17.5 ± 14.4 (16)