Cardiol Res

Cardiology Research, ISSN 1923-2829 print, 1923-2837 online, Open Access

Article copyright, the authors; Journal compilation copyright, Cardiol Res and Elmer Press Inc

Journal website https://www.cardiologyres.org

Original Article

Volume 3, Number 2, April 2012, pages 87-93

Smoking was a Possible Negative Predictor of Incident Hypertension After a Five-Year Follow-up Among a General Japanese Population

**Table 1.** Baseline Data and Incident Hypertension by Smoking Status in Men
	smoker	nonsmoker	P
mean ± SD or %.
n	105	123
incident hypertension (%)	12.4	26.0	0.01
age (years)	61.6 ± 10.5	64.8 ± 8.3	0.01
body mass index (kg/m²)	22.3 ± 2.6	22.1 ± 2.4	0.6
systolic blood pressure (mmHg)	122.4 ± 10.2	124.1 ± 10.4	0.2
diastolic blood pressure (mmHg)	74.7 ± 7.5	75.7 ± 7.4	0.3
total cholesterol (mg/dL)	203.1 ± 39.0	204.2 ± 32.4	0.8
HDL cholesterol (mg/dL)	55.9 ± 13.6	63.0 ± 17.4	0.0008
triglycerides (mg/dL)	124.2 ± 105.8	100.0 ± 70.1	0.04
fasting plasma glucose (mg/dL)	88.8 ± 8.8	92.9 ± 11.2	0.003
everyday drinker (%)	60.0	52.8	0.1
diabetes (%)	2.3	6.1	0.3

Table 1. Baseline Data and Incident Hypertension by Smoking Status in Men

smoker

nonsmoker

mean ± SD or %.

105

123

incident hypertension (%)

12.4

26.0

0.01

age (years)

61.6 ± 10.5

64.8 ± 8.3

0.01

body mass index (kg/m²)

22.3 ± 2.6

22.1 ± 2.4

0.6

systolic blood pressure (mmHg)

122.4 ± 10.2

124.1 ± 10.4

0.2

diastolic blood pressure (mmHg)

74.7 ± 7.5

75.7 ± 7.4

0.3

total cholesterol (mg/dL)

203.1 ± 39.0

204.2 ± 32.4

0.8

HDL cholesterol (mg/dL)

55.9 ± 13.6

63.0 ± 17.4

0.0008

triglycerides (mg/dL)

124.2 ± 105.8

100.0 ± 70.1

0.04

fasting plasma glucose (mg/dL)

88.8 ± 8.8

92.9 ± 11.2

0.003

everyday drinker (%)

60.0

52.8

0.1

diabetes (%)

2.3

6.1

0.3

**Table 2.** Baseline Data and Incident Hypertension by Smoking Status in Women
	smoker	nonsmoker	P
mean ± SD or %.
n	23	1,046
incident hypertension (%)	0.0	16.9	0.03
age (years)	55.4 ± 8.8	59.4 ± 8.6	0.03
body mass index (kg/m²)	21.9 ± 2.8	22.3 ± 2.7	0.5
systolic blood pressure (mmHg)	118.1 ± 11.3	121.2 ± 11.0	0.2
diastolic blood pressure (mmHg)	71.8 ± 8.2	73.6 ± 7.8	0.3
total cholesterol (mg/dL)	212.6 ± 34.9	221.8 ± 33.1	0.2
HDL cholesterol (mg/dL)	67.7 ± 28.1	66.1 ± 14.8	0.6
triglycerides (mg/dL)	106.1 ± 55.0	93.8 ± 46.5	0.2
fasting plasma glucose (mg/dL)	86.8 ± 17.2	88.0 ± 9.4	< 0.0001
everyday drinker (%)	17.4	7	0.06
diabetes (%)	4.3	1.1	0.1

Table 2. Baseline Data and Incident Hypertension by Smoking Status in Women

smoker

nonsmoker

mean ± SD or %.

1,046

incident hypertension (%)

0.0

16.9

0.03

age (years)

55.4 ± 8.8

59.4 ± 8.6

0.03

body mass index (kg/m²)

21.9 ± 2.8

22.3 ± 2.7

0.5

systolic blood pressure (mmHg)

118.1 ± 11.3

121.2 ± 11.0

0.2

diastolic blood pressure (mmHg)

71.8 ± 8.2

73.6 ± 7.8

0.3

total cholesterol (mg/dL)

212.6 ± 34.9

221.8 ± 33.1

0.2

HDL cholesterol (mg/dL)

67.7 ± 28.1

66.1 ± 14.8

0.6

triglycerides (mg/dL)

106.1 ± 55.0

93.8 ± 46.5

0.2

fasting plasma glucose (mg/dL)

86.8 ± 17.2

88.0 ± 9.4

< 0.0001

everyday drinker (%)

17.4

0.06

diabetes (%)

4.3

1.1

0.1

**Table 3.** Odds Ratios* of Incident Hypertension Using Smoker at Baseline as an Independent Variable
	odds ratio*	95% confidence interval	P
* Odds ratios for 1 SD increment for numerical variables and those for the positive status compared with the negative status for categorical variables.
smoker at baseline	0.38	0.19 - 0.76	0.006
female sex	0.91	0.55 - 1.51	0.7
age	1.52	1.29 - 1.79	< 0.0001
body mass index	1.46	1.25 - 1.71	< 0.0001
total cholesterol	0.92	0.77 - 1.09	0.3
HDL cholesterol	1.02	0.85 - 1.23	0.8
triglycerides	1.16	0.99 - 1.35	0.06
fasting plasma glucose	1.23	1.06 - 1.42	0.007
everyday drinker	1.48	0.93 - 2.37	0.1
diabetes	0.40	0.10 - 1.57	0.2

Table 3. Odds Ratios* of Incident Hypertension Using Smoker at Baseline as an Independent Variable

odds ratio*

95% confidence interval

* Odds ratios for 1 SD increment for numerical variables and those for the positive status compared with the negative status for categorical variables.

smoker at baseline

0.38

0.19 - 0.76

0.006

female sex

0.91

0.55 - 1.51

0.7

age

1.52

1.29 - 1.79

< 0.0001

body mass index

1.46

1.25 - 1.71

< 0.0001

total cholesterol

0.92

0.77 - 1.09

0.3

HDL cholesterol

1.02

0.85 - 1.23

0.8

triglycerides

1.16

0.99 - 1.35

0.06

fasting plasma glucose

1.23

1.06 - 1.42

0.007

everyday drinker

1.48

0.93 - 2.37

0.1

diabetes

0.40

0.10 - 1.57

0.2

**Table 4.** Odds Ratios* of Incident Hypertension Using Continuing Smoker as an Independent Variable
	odds ratio*	95% confidence interval	P
* The same as Table 3.
continuing smoker	0.33	0.16 - 0.68	0.003
female sex	0.89	0.54 - 1.48	0.7
age	1.51	1.28 - 1.79	< 0.0001
body mass index	1.46	1.25 - 1.71	< 0.0001
total cholesterol	0.92	0.77 - 1.09	0.3
HDL cholesterol	1.02	0.84 - 1.23	0.8
triglycerides	1.17	1.00 - 1.36	0.05
fasting plasma glucose	1.22	1.05 - 1.41	0.01
everyday drinker	1.48	0.93 - 2.37	0.1
diabetes	0.41	0.10 - 1.61	0.2

Table 4. Odds Ratios* of Incident Hypertension Using Continuing Smoker as an Independent Variable

odds ratio*

95% confidence interval

* The same as Table 3.

continuing smoker

0.33

0.16 - 0.68

0.003

female sex

0.89

0.54 - 1.48

0.7

age

1.51

1.28 - 1.79

< 0.0001

body mass index

1.46

1.25 - 1.71

< 0.0001

total cholesterol

0.92

0.77 - 1.09

0.3

HDL cholesterol

1.02

0.84 - 1.23

0.8

triglycerides

1.17

1.00 - 1.36

0.05

fasting plasma glucose

1.22

1.05 - 1.41

0.01

everyday drinker

1.48

0.93 - 2.37

0.1

diabetes

0.41

0.10 - 1.61

0.2

**Table 5.** Odds Ratios* of Incident Hypertension Using Ex-Smoker as an Independent Variable
	odds ratio*	95% confidence interval	P
* The same as Table 3.
ex-smoker	2.11	0.33 - 13.45	0.4
female sex	1.28	0.80 - 2.05	0.3
age	1.54	1.30 - 1.81	< 0.0001
body mass index	1.48	1.26 - 1.73	< 0.0001
total cholesterol	0.91	0.77 - 1.08	0.3
HDL cholesterol	1.04	0.86 - 1.26	0.7
triglycerides	1.15	0.98 - 1.34	0.08
fasting plasma glucose	1.24	1.07 - 1.43	0.005
everyday drinker	1.41	0.88 - 2.24	0.2
diabetes	0.42	0.11 - 1.63	0.2

Table 5. Odds Ratios* of Incident Hypertension Using Ex-Smoker as an Independent Variable

odds ratio*

95% confidence interval

* The same as Table 3.

ex-smoker

2.11

0.33 - 13.45

0.4

female sex

1.28

0.80 - 2.05

0.3

age

1.54

1.30 - 1.81

< 0.0001

body mass index

1.48

1.26 - 1.73

< 0.0001

total cholesterol

0.91

0.77 - 1.08

0.3

HDL cholesterol

1.04

0.86 - 1.26

0.7

triglycerides

1.15

0.98 - 1.34

0.08

fasting plasma glucose

1.24

1.07 - 1.43

0.005

everyday drinker

1.41

0.88 - 2.24

0.2

diabetes

0.42

0.11 - 1.63

0.2