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Cardiology Research

Original Article

Volume 7, Number 2, April 2016, pages 59-65

Interesting Correlation Between the Circulating Pentraxin 3 and Cardiac Rehabilitation Program Outcomes in Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting Patients

Coronary artery disease (CAD) is one of the most important and frequent agents of morbidity, mortality as well as physical disability, particularly in elderly patients, in developing and even developed countries [1, 2]. It is estimated that almost 50% of all deaths per year in Iran have been attributed to the CAD events [3]. The subsequent CAD events, such as physical dysfunctions, enumerate as a major challenge and thus, the rehabilitation programs could be efficacious in these patients. Cardiac rehabilitation (CR) should be considered as a preventive plan in treatment of CAD patients [4]. Although benefits of CR program based on physical exercises are noteworthy and the program reduces mortality and morbidity due to the CAD phenomena [5], this course almost is expensive, time consuming and non-effective in some cases. However, the eventual inflammatory circulating indicators could be a helpful predicting tool to determine the prognosis of CAD patients. New findings in atherosclerosis inflammation show that long pentraxin 3 (PTX3) is an inflammatory mediator that reaches to high levels after atherosclerosis, occlusion of coronary artery and myocardial infarction (MI) [6-8].

Dendritic cells, macrophages, leukocytes and endothelial cells, especially in heart tissue and vascular system, are the most common sources of PTX3 in the response to the primary inflammation signals [8, 9]. Although some studies have revealed correlations between the levels of PTX3 and CAD [10] and more recently SYNTAX score [11], the association between severity and complexity of CAD and PTX3 levels has not been clearly known yet [6, 12]. Homology in both structure and function of PTX3 with high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) [13] has led to measurement of PTX3 levels in CAD patients, which is considered as a diagnostic tool. Moreover, the non-specific role of hs-CRP as a diagnostic marker in coronary artery diseases leads to PTX3, which is a specific marker in vascular damages and CAD events, and has attracted more interests recently [14, 15].

However, although studies have shown that habitual aerobic as well as high-intensity exercises could increase the plasma level of PTX3 in healthy subjects [16, 17], a scheduled CR plan based on aerobic exercises can reduce plasma levels of PTX3 in patients with cardiovascular diseases [18].

According to the above subjects, we hypothesized that PTX3 levels may play a predictive role at the beginning of an exercise based CR program to include or exclude patients in the course. To our knowledge, predictive role of the circulating levels of PTX3 as inclusion/exclusion criteria at an exercise based CR program has not been considered so far. Therefore, we aimed to study the levels of PTX3 in patients with ischemic heart disease (IHD), who had undergone coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) and were enrolled in an exercise based CR program.

This study was carried out on the patients seeking care from a referral cardiology hospital, Ahwaz, Iran, from 2012 to 2014. All patients who suffered from IHD and had undergone CABG were enrolled in our study. Inclusion criteria were CABG as well as ability for performing exercise based CR program. High blood pressure, physical disability, ventricular arrhythmia, and the age of patients (elder patients were excluded from study) were considered as exclusion criteria. Blood pressure monitoring and a 12-lead electrocardiogram (ECG) were performed for all patients during physical exercises. A trained interviewer also filled questionnaires consisting of demographic data, smoking status and history of medical situation, using a face-to-face model. Based on pre- and post-PTX3, metabolic equivalent (MET) and EF values, patients were divided into different groups.

All patients who were included in the study rested for 15 min in the sitting position and then blood pressure was taken using a standardized mercury sphygmomanometer. A trained nurse also took two blood samples from all enrolled patients, before and after the scheduled exercise based CR plan. Since a previous study showed that the peripheral levels of PTX3 reflected the sinusoid levels [19], the peripheral blood samples, which were taken from the enrolled patients via the peripheral vain, were placed in the tubes containing EDTA, and were sent to the laboratory for more analyses. All procedures were done in aseptic condition.

Collected blood samples were centrifuged immediately and stored in -70 °C until use. The PTX3 measurement in plasma was performed using commercial human pentraxin 3 ELISA kit (Cusabio Biotech Co., Japan) according to the previous study [19]. Briefly, standards or samples were added to the microtiter plate well, which were already precoated by specific anti-human PTX3 antibody. Biotin-conjugated specific antibody for PTX3 and avidin conjugated to horseradish peroxidase were added to the wells and then incubated. Finally, substrate solution (3, 3’, 5, 5’tetramethylbenzidine) was added and substrate-enzyme reaction was then terminated by adding sulfuric acid solution. Color changes were measured at a wavelength of 450 nm spectrophotometrically.

Other blood indicators consisting of HDL-C, LDL and hs-CRP were also obtained from the laboratory analysis.

All enrolled patients in the study started the CR plan 6 weeks after CABG. In the initiate stage, pre-EF and PTX3 for each patient were assessed. As mentioned above, all patients with the dangerous risk factors such as hypotension, ventricular arrhythmias and other risk factors mentioned elsewhere [20] were excluded from the assessment. A fellowship of eco measured EF of patients based on Simpson method.

At the equipped cardiac rehabilitation center, both functional capacity and MET of enrolled patients were evaluated using Duke Activity Status Index (DASI) based on the formula shown in Table 1. Therefore, based on MET of patients, specific exercise plan consisting of treadmill, arm and bicycle was prescribed for each patient. During exercise plan, general conditions of all patients, blood pressure, and pulse rate were monitored precisely.

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Table 1. Duke Activity Status Index (DASI)

The CR program based on physical exercise was then performed according to the Bruce protocol. Blood pressure, 12-lead ECGs and resting heartbeat were obtained before initiating the program. The CR program consisted of 24 sessions in 12 weeks and each week two sessions was carried out. Briefly, the participants started the CR program for 3 min at 1.5 mph speed and in three parts, on treadmill. At the beginning, warming up was initiated as a steady stage for 1 min on treadmill with 5° ascent. At 2 and 3 min, slope degree increased to 10 and 13°, respectively. During the exercise, blood pressure, 12-lead ECGs and heartbeat were obtained. MET as a cardiac peak exercise capacity was also calculated for each patient, before and after the CR program. All information and tests including EF value, exercise tests, blood pressure, ECGs and MET were obtained and evaluated by the same cardiologist. Same laboratory and technician also performed all the laboratory tests such as evaluating PTX3 and the blood indicators.

The gathered data were analyzed using SPSS software version 22 for windows. Descriptive data were presented as mean (SD) or median (IQR) for continuous variables with normal and non-normal distribution, respectively. Categorically distributed variables were described in terms of frequency (n, %). A paired t-test was applied for comparison of the results, before and after the CR program. Chi-square and Fisher’s exact tests were also employed for studying the relationship between PTX3 and EF, hs-CRP and MET, before and after the CR program. P-value less than 0.05 was considered to be significant in all analyses.

All applicable institutional and governmental regulations concerning the ethical use of human volunteers were followed during this research. All participants filled an informed consent and the Ethical Committee of Tehran University of Medical Sciences approved this study. The study protocol conforms to the ethical guidelines of the 2008 Declaration of Helsinki.

A total of 100 patients achieved our inclusion criteria and finished the scheduled CR based on physical exercises. Age + SD and women/men (%) of the attended patients were 61.76 + 8.22 and 54%/46%, respectively. All demographic data are summarized in Table 2. The MET and EF values improved and the PTX3 level decreased after the exercise based CR program. Paired t-test statistical analysis showed that after a 3-month course of the CR program, EF, MET, PTX3 and hs-CRP values changed from 31.89+7.65% to 33.88+8.73%, 4.47 + 1.32 MET to 5.16 + 1.96 MET, 0.46 + 0.09 ng/dL to 0.38+0.05 ng/dL and 3.85 + 2.78 mg/dL to 3.72 + 2.61 mg/dL, respectively. None statistically significant changes were seen in the hs-CRP value (P = 0.546) at the end of the CR program but statistically significant changes were observed in the EF value, MET and PTX3 (P < 0.05) after CR program. The statistical data are summarized in Table 3.

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Table 2. Demographic Data of the Patients Participated in This Study

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Table 3. Echocardiographic and Circulating Indicators Value of the Patients Before and After the Cardiac Rehabilitation Program

In order to investigate the possibility of PTX3 influence on the CR program outcomes, the relationship between the EF levels and MET with the pre-PTX3 levels (level of PTX3 before CR program) was also assessed. Resulted PTX3 values were divided to the three groups: less than 0.40 ng/dL, 0.40 - 0.55 ng/dL and more than 0.55 ng/dL. Chi-square and Fisher’s exact tests showed that most of changes in EF and also MET values were observed in the group with pre-PTX3 level more than 0.40 ng/dL while the group with pre-PTX3 less than 0.40 ng/dL incurred few changes compared with other two groups. Most of the beneficial changes were seen in the group with pre-PTX3 between 0.40 and 0.55 ng/dL (Figs. 1 and 2). Changes in the numbers of patients in each EF and MET group based on pre-PTX3 level before and after the exercise based CR program are summarized in Tables 4 and 5.

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Figure 1. Distribution of MET among the patients undergoing CABG assigned to each PTX3 group. (a) Before cardiac rehabilitation. (b) After cardiac rehabilitation. MET: metabolic equivalent test; CABG: coronary artery bypass grafting; PTX3: pentraxin 3.

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Figure 2. Distribution of EF% among the patients undergoing CABG assigned to each PTX3 group. (a) Before cardiac rehabilitation. (b) After cardiac rehabilitation. EF: ejection fraction; CABG: coronary artery bypass grafting.

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Table 4. The Number of the Patients in Each EF Group Pre- and Post-CR Program Based on Pre-PTX3 Values

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Table 5. The Number of the Patients in Each MET Group Pre- and Post-CR Program Based on Pre-PTX3 Values

CAD enumerates a pandemic disease, and improving the post-CAD events is a concern undoubtedly. Many studies have stated physical exercises accompanied with nutritional modification and lifestyle management will reduce resulting complaints of the CAD phenomena [4, 5]. To our knowledge, this is the first study that assessed some remarked inflammatory indicators after CABG in the patients with IHD. In this study, we performed a physical exercise based CR program for patients after CABG and assessed some inflammatory indicators simultaneously.

Few studies have investigated that a CR program elevates the vital capacities such as EF level and MET value. A recent study, which was performed on 140 CAD patients seeking care, showed that physical based CR program improves the EF and MET values [21]. Studies on the effects of CR program on the blood indicators are also rare. A study on 277 patients with coronary heart diseases showed that a 3-month course of a conventional CR program significantly reduces the plasma level of CRP [22]. Another study also showed the reduced levels of the circulating CRP in patients with CABG and acute myocardial infarction (AMI) after a CR program [23]. A study of 223 patients who had CABG and/or valve replacement or repair showed that the CR program reduces the plasma PTX3 levels and increases EF value as well as a 6-min walk test (6MWT) [24].

The EF indication reflects the ability of the cardiac functions. The correlation between a CR program based on physical exercises and improving the EF value seems to be controversial. Despite of this fact that most of the researchers have shown that a programmed physical exercise results in better cardiac function, some others have declared that not any improvement was seen in patients who had EF more than 50% [25]. However, more recently, Sadeghi and colleagues showed that the physical trains in CAD patients could be efficacious on cardiac functions without any side effects in patients [21]. Our study reveals that physical exercises are beneficial in patients with cardiac dysfunction, particularly in those patients with the pre-PTX3 level between 0.40 and 0.55 ng/dL and not in patients with the pre-PTX3 level less than 0.40 ng/dL. This finding suggests a potentially predicting role for PTX3 in inferring the CR outcomes in patients after CABG.

PTX3 regarded as a multifunctional evolutionary conserved protein that beside hs-CRP and serum amyloid P-component (SAP) are derived from pentraxin family [7]. Although both hs-CRP and PTX3 are the inflammatory blood indicators of which functions and structures are similar, the latter has a long N-terminal domain coupled to the C-terminal pentraxin domain and thus, has been known as long pentraxin [9]. PTX3 like hs-CRP has been described as an indicator of inflammation in atherosclerosis and new findings suggest a more prominent role for PTX3 in diagnosis of the progression and the development of atherosclerosis [14, 26]. Indeed, PTX3, compared with hs-CRP, is an acute inflammatory modulator; its level in blood increases rapidly and has different source and gene organization [6, 9].

According to our results, MET value and EF showed significant increased levels in patients with PTX3 level between 0.40 and 0.55 ng/dL compared with those patients with lower PTX3 levels. As some researchers have declared, the circulating PTX3 level might be accompanied with the tense outcomes of acute coronary syndrome [11, 27, 28]. On the other hand, increasing level of circulating PTX3 had been described in MI [28] and thus, a predicting role for the prognosis of patients who had underwent CABG was suggested recently [24].

However, Ferratini et al stated that the high concentration of the plasma PTX3 is likely related to the local activation of inflammation, tissue damage, 6MWT and the CR outcome in patients with cardiac surgery [24]. Recently, Salio and colleagues showed that PTX3-deficient mice after experimental MI had a larger infarct tissue compared with the mice that the PTX3 production was manipulated and thus, they suggested a protective role for PTX3 [29]. The latter study supports our findings that why patients with the pre-PTX level less than 0.40 ng/dL did not have sufficient improvement after the exercise based program while the patients with the PTX3 level between 0.40 and 0.55 ng/dL showed most improvement in both MET and EF indications. However, it seems that circulating levels of PTX3 probably have a protective role as mentioned elsewhere [6], particularly in specific levels.

Many studies have been carried out on the function of PTX3, but the exact role of PTX3 has not been clearly illustrated yet [6, 8, 30]. As available data represent, PTX3 plays an important regulatory role in modulation of the inflammatory response correlated with the atherosclerosis and ischemic cardiovascular events [6, 29, 31]. However, it conceives that increased level of PTX3 acts as a protective physiological response [32], which is correlated to the severity of the disease [33, 34]. This debated role is likely attributed to the better outcomes of MET and EF after the exercise based CR program, particularly in those patients with the pre-circulating levels of PTX3 more than 0.40 ng/dL. Some studies have shown high concentration of circulating PTX3 in patients with chronic kidney diseases (CKD) [33, 35] and it seems that high concentration of PTX3 influences endothelial functions [36]. Therefore, high concentration of PTX3 could be associated with endothelial functions in CAD patients, CR program outcomes and increased mortality risk as well [34].

Peri and colleagues showed that the PTX3 levels in plasma elevate after 6 - 8 h and are not correlated with CRP. They also showed that almost 75% of patients at the time of discharging after the AMI event had abnormal levels of hs-CRP while the level of PTX3 was normal [15]. Our findings are in agreement with the mentioned study and no relationship was seen between hs-CRP and the pre-PTX levels. Non-reducing levels of hs-CRP after the CR program are probably related to dilatory nature of hs-CRP that reaches to the peak level after blood circulating PTX3.

However, our findings elucidate a potential role for PTX3 as an indication to include/exclude CABG patients in an exercise based CR program. This probable role can reduce expenditure of patients and governments as well as prescribe suitable care plan for patients. Therefore, designing studies on structure and function of PTX3 will clear the value of this interesting biomarker to estimate CR program outcomes, particularly in CAD patients.

To increase the precision of our study, we needed to include further patients surly. But unfortunately, in this study, we did not have adequate facilities for great population. Indeed, considering several exclusion criteria, the sample size was decreased. However, we investigated the plausible role of an interesting inflammation blood-circulating biomarker to predict CR program outcomes and future studies will be required for deep cognition of this interesting biomarker.

In conclusion, our study showed that a regular and sufficient exercise based CR program in IHD patients after CABG could increase EF and MET levels, particularly in the patients with pre-PTX3 levels more than 0.40 ng/dL.

Acknowledgement

The authors would like to appreciate Mrs. Molouk Salemzadeh and Niloufar Karimi for laboratory cooperation as well as Imam Khomeini hospital for providing samples. We also thank Dr. Hamed Mirjalali for editing the manuscript.

Conflict of Interest

The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests regarding the publication of this paper.

Funding

There are no funding sources for publication of this paper.

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