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Cardiology Research

Case Report

Volume 8, Number 2, April 2017, pages 63-67

Cardiogenic Shock, Acute Severe Mitral Regurgitation and Complete Heart Block After Cavo-Tricuspid Isthmus Atrial Flutter Ablation

Atrial flutter can present significant clinical challenge to control with medical management alone. Radiofrequency (RF) ablation has emerged as first-line therapy in the management of cavo-tricuspid isthmus dependent atrial flutter. Since the 1990s, it has been widely performed with success rates of above 95%. Adverse events and complications are very rare. We report here the first case of cardiogenic shock, acute severe mitral regurgitation (MR) and complete heart block due to occlusion of the posterolateral branch of the right coronary artery immediately following RF ablation of atrial flutter.

A 62-year-old female with a history of recurrent symptomatic atrial flutter status post electrical cardioversion 4 years ago presented for RF ablation. Her CHADSVASc score was zero and she had not been anticoagulated. She had mild mitral regurgitation noted on previous echocardiograms. She had history of Hodgkin’s lymphoma, and hypothyroidism status post thyroidectomy.

Surface electrocardiogram (EKG) suggested isthmus dependent typical atrial flutter with negative P waves in inferior leads and positive in V1 (Fig. 1). Transesophageal echocardiogram prior to the ablation showed mild MR, a mildly enlarged left atrium and normal left ventricle systolic function. No thrombus was seen in the left atrial appendage and its emptying velocity was 40 cm/s.

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Figure 1. 12-lead surface electrogram showing saw tooth flutter waves: negative P waves in inferior leads and positive P waves in lead V1 and V2, suggestive of cavo-tricuspid isthmus dependent atrial flutter.

A duodecapolar mapping catheter was positioned with the distal poles in the coronary sinus and the mid poles along the cavo-tricuspid isthmus. Atrial flutter with cycle length of 280 ms was recorded. An 8 Fr quadripolar deflectable 8 mm tipped thermistor electroanatomic mapping RF ablation catheter (Navistar) was advanced into the right ventricle and placed at the distal aspect of cavo-tricuspid isthmus. A three-dimensional map of right atrium, isthmus and inferior vena cava (IVC) region was made. The ablation catheter was advanced into the right ventricle and placed at the distal aspect of cavo-tricuspid isthmus.

RF energy was delivered as the catheter was dragged to the IVC. Maximum temperature limit was 60 °C and power output was limited to 60 W. With the first ablation line lasting 120 s, cessation of the atrial flutter was documented (Fig. 2). She converted to sinus rhythm. Bidirectional block was recorded. Two additional ablation lines lasting 60 - 120 s were delivered, for a total of three ablation lines. No additional RF lesions were planned.

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Figure 2. Cessation of atrial flutter after radiofrequency ablation and restoration of sinus rhythm.

At this point, the patient started complaining of chest discomfort and became hypotensive. Complete heart block was recorded on the monitor. She was immediately paced from the right ventricle. Despite this, her chest pain and hypotension worsened. Fluoroscopy showed no change in the cardiac silhouette. There were no clinical signs of pericardial tamponade. Stat bedside echo showed trivial pericardial fluid with normal left ventricular wall motion. However, there was wide open severe MR which had acutely developed (Fig. 3). Upon closer inspection of the mitral valve, the posteromedial leaflet was retracted and the regurgitant jet was posteriorly directed.

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Figure 3. Acute severe (wide open) mitral regurgitation with retracted posteromedial leaflet.

At this point the patient was 100% paced and EKG changes could not be assessed. However, based on the sudden development of chest pain, hypotension, complete heart block and acute severe MR, right coronary artery occlusion was suspected. The decision was made to evaluate her coronaries immediately. The ablation catheter was removed and a temporary transvenous pacemaker was inserted. The patient was also intubated due to decompensating respiratory status. She was transferred immediately to the cardiac catheterization laboratory.

Coronary angiography demonstrated patent left main, left anterior descending, and left circumflex arteries. However, the posterolateral branch from right coronary artery was totally occluded (Fig. 4). A 0.014 inch run-through wire was inserted into the culprit branch and angioplasty was done with 8 × 15 mm Quantum Apex balloon. Complete heart block resolved and sinus tachycardia was noted after the blood flow was restored. With balloon angioplasty alone there was marked recoil of the stenosis and heart block recurred.

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Figure 4. Complete occlusion of the posterolateral branch of right coronary artery.

The decision was made to insert a drug eluting stent for further structural support. An everolimus-drug eluting platinum chromium coronary stent (Promus stent) was deployed resulting in restoration of blood flow to the posterolateral branch (Fig. 5). Persistent sinus rhythm was restored as well. Subsequent bedside echocardiogram showed marked improvement of MR. The patient’s condition improved afterwards. Vasopressors were weaned. She was extubated the next day and discharged after 5 days.

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Figure 5. After coronary stenting, flow is re-established in occluded posterolateral branch.

RF ablation of cavo-tricuspid isthmus dependent (typical) atrial flutter has been performed widely since 1990s. The conventional method (using 8 mm tip electrode catheter with power limit of 60 - 100 W and temperature limit of 50 - 60 °C) has shown very high success rates, above 95%, with very low adverse event rates.

Animal studies have shown up to 7 mm deep lesions are expected with RF ablation using 8 mm tip electrode catheters [1]. Right coronary artery occlusion has been demonstrated in studies with pigs. Bokenkamp et al postulated the factors associated with increased risk as follows: 1) heart size: smaller hearts have higher chance for adverse events; 2) long energy exposure, larger electrode; 3) anatomical variation, short distance between ablation site and right coronary artery [2].

One single center study from France retrospectively analyzed the records of 883 patients who underwent atrial flutter ablations done over 16 years. Only 1.7% of the patients, 14 out of 883 patients, had serious adverse events such as complete heart block, ventricular tachycardia, and coronary ischemia. There was only one patient who developed right coronary artery occlusion with complete heart block [3].

The pathophysiology of coronary occlusion during RF ablation is presumed to be thermal injury from RF energy [4]. Thrombosis from endothelial damage is possible as well. However, all the reported cases in literature, including our patient, demonstrated non-obstructive atherosclerosis in coronary angiograms. Regardless of the mechanism by which thermal injury causes coronary occlusion or thromboembolism, the management is urgent cardiac catheterization and percutaneous coronary intervention. Based on these facts, some authors stressed the importance of having interventional cardiologists as backup during the electrophysiology procedures [5].

Electro-anatomical mapping was done in our patient. Euro-flutter investigators mentioned mapping can shorten fluoroscopy time with the price of increased cost [6]. Caudal projections and bi-plane views help to recognize inadvertent septal or lateral RF application.

Figure 6 shows the anatomy of tricuspid isthmus and how the right coronary artery runs closely behind the tricuspid annulus [7]. In certain individuals, the thickness of right ventricular myocardium can be less than 5 mm. The coronary sinus wall is even thinner than 5 mm. Ouali et al reported right coronary artery occlusion during ablation. They noticed acute ST segment elevation on surface EKG from an inferior myocardial infarction which involved the middle segment of the right coronary artery [8].

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Figure 6. Schematic drawing of the CTI and course of the RCA. The center of the RCA was tagged in three dimensions. The CTI was defined by the insertion of the IVC to the right atrium and the tricuspid valve which were also tagged. The distance of the RCA to the CTI was calculated for the anterior (ant.), inferior (inf.), and septal (sept.) parts. In addition, the deviation of the RCA from the tricuspid valve plane towards the atrial aspect was calculated. SVC: superior vena cava; CT: crista terminalis; ER: Eustachian ridge; CS: coronary sinus; AV: atrioventricular nodal branch; PDA: posterior descending artery; PLA: posterolateral artery; IVC: inferior vena cava [7].

In our patient, ST segment elevation could not be assessed. She had complete heart block and required 100% pacing. After the coronary stent was deployed and sinus rhythm was restored, no inferior ST elevation was appreciated. Reasons that ST elevation was not seen include resolution of ischemia, the relatively small area of myocardium involved as well as the location of the ischemic myocardium. Still, the patient’s hemodynamic status deteriorated very rapidly and suddenly resulting in cardiogenic shock. The patient’s coronary anatomy explains this. The posterolateral branch of the right coronary artery was the single blood supply to the posterior mitral valve leaflet and supplied the AV nodal artery as well. Occlusion of the posterolateral right ventricular branch thus resulted in acute severe MR and complete heart block. Both of these were completely reversed after coronary intervention.

RF ablation of isthmus dependent atrial flutter is a commonly performed procedure. Although it is considered a relatively safe procedure, unforeseen complications can arise. Patients with smaller body size, such as women and the elderly, may have smaller hearts and thinner cardiac structures. Because of this, they are more likely to sustain unintended injury to adjacent cardiac structures when using RF energy. Higher power penetrates deeper and causes more tissue damage. Although there are no randomized clinical trials, the use of lower temperature limits (55 °C) and lower energy (60 W) for small, elderly patients should be encouraged. Still, unforeseen complications can arise due to anatomic variations of the right coronary artery and its branches. The operating electrophysiologist must always be cognizant of these variations and their associated risks, and be prepared to act timely to prevent further deterioration. Because there is risk for coronary complications, interventional cardiology should be available.

Conflicts of Interest

All authors declare no conflicts of interest.

Funding

No sources of external funding.

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