Journals | Policy | Permission

Cardiology Research

Original Article

Volume 4, Number 2, April 2013, pages 68-73

Outcome of Successful Versus Unsuccessful Percutaneous Coronary Intervention in Chronic Total Occlusions in One Year Follow-Up

Approximately one-third to one-half of patients with significant coronary artery disease on angiography has at least 1 CTO [1-4]. During the past 25 years the use of percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) has become common in the management strategy of patients with chronic coronary total occlusion (CTO) [5]. However CTO is a very common reason not to attempt percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) [1], as it has a lower success rate than for those of other de novo coronary lesions [6].

Because of low procedural success rate [5, 7], high restenosis rate [8], and high incidence of adverse events [6, 9] documented in the early reports of PCI, a large population of patients with CTOs have been managed medically, and such lesions have been the most common reason for referral to bypass surgery rather than PCI [10].

Patients with successful recanalization of CTO with PCI have better symptom relief, better clinical outcome, improved left ventricular function and better long-term survival compared with patients in whom the attempt to re-canalize CTO has failed [6, 7, 9, 11-16]. The aim of current study is to compare efficacy and outcome of successful versus unsuccessful percutaneous coronary intervention in chronic total occlusions. It’s the first report in our area that compares midterm results of these patients.

This single center, retrospective, observational clinical study was conducted in Madani Heart Center, Tabriz, Iran. For this purpose, 163 cases with successful PCI and 167 cases with unsuccessful PCI were enrolled in the study. The study protocol was approved by the institutional ethics review board. All procedures were followed in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki.

Patients requiring non-emergency PCI to treat a 100% occlusion of a coronary artery were included. The exclusion criteria were the estimated duration of a CTO < 30 days or an acute myocardial infarction (MI) within the previous 30 days. No other predefined clinical inclusion or exclusion criteria were considered, and the indication for PCI was decided by individual investigators at the participating center.

CTO was defined as a lesion showing thrombolysis in myocardial infarction grade of 0 of 3 months or more in duration. All patients included in this analysis have at least 1 occlusive lesion. Duration of occlusion was estimated on the basis of history of angina, previous myocardial infarction (MI) in the same territory, or proven by previous angiography.

Major adverse cardiac events (MACE) were defined as death, Q-wave MI, non-Q-wave MI, or urgent revascularization during the same admission. Q-wave MI was defined as cardiac enzyme (creatine kinase) elevation of > 3 times the normal value with concomitant elevation of creatine kinase myocardial-band > 3 times and development of Q wave after the PCI. Non-Q-wave MI was defined as elevation of creatine kinase > 3 times without development of Q wave after the PCI.

Procedural success was defined as successful guide wire and balloon crossing with residual stenosis > 50% and Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction grade 3 flow.

All patients were pre-treated with aspirin and clopidogrel (a loading dose of 300 mg at least 6 h before the procedure). After the procedure, all patients were given aspirin indefinitely and clopidogrel 75 mg daily at least 3 or 6 months after implantation of drug eluting stents. Glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitors were given at the discretion of the operator.

Information was retrospectively recorded, including baseline demographics, clinical and procedural characteristics, and in-hospital outcomes. Patients were followed for 1 year and MACE in hospital and in one year follow-up were recorded.

Angiographic success was defined as successful balloon dilatation of the lesion, with or without stent placement, with less than 40% residual stenosis. Procedural success was defined as angiographic success with no in-hospital MACE, defined as death, MI with new Q-waves on electrocardiogram (ECG) or urgent target vessel revascularization (TVR) (including both repeat PCI and coronary artery bypass graft surgery (CABG)). New MI was defined as elevation of creatine kinase-MB to > 2 times the upper limit of normal with recurrent ischemic symptoms following PCI. Post-procedural ECGs were routinely assessed for new Q-waves; however, cardiac troponin, creatine kinase and creatine kinase-MB fraction were not routinely collected.

Follow-up protocol included evaluation at hospital discharge and a clinical visit or telephone interview after discharge and at 3, 6 and 12 months. Patients that developed angina or objective evidence of target vessel ischemia in follow up period underwent angiography.

Continuous data with normal distribution are given as mean ± standard deviation, otherwise as median, student t test for testing the significance of mean for independent continuous scale data and Mann-Whitney U test for nonparametric data where appropriate, Chi-square or Fisher exact test for testing the significance of percentages. A p value of 0.05 or less was considered significant.

We enrolled 330 patients (163 successful and 167 unsuccessful PCI) with at least 1 CTO lesion in the combined registry. Patients with unsuccessful PCI were mainly male (87.4% vs. 77.3%; P < 0.02), had a higher incidence of diabetes mellitus (31.1% vs. 20.9%; P < 0.04) and hypertension (53.3% vs. 42.3%; P < 0.04) when compared to patients with successful CTO revascularization (Table 1). A history of previous MI was present in nearly half of the patients in both groups.

Click to view

Table 1. Baseline Clinical Characteristics in the Entire Cohort of Patients

Table 2 summarizes procedural characteristics according to success and failure groups. Most patients in success group had single vessel disease (63.4% vs. 46.7%; P < 0.001) and less three-vessel disease (11.8% vs. 22.8%) when compared to patients with unsuccessful CTO revascularization.

Click to view

Table 2. Procedural Characteristics According to CTO Success and Failure Groups

Procedural complications observed in 4 patients (all male) including tamponade while PCI of CTO. All patients had failed PCI. CTO was on LAD (2 cases) and RCA (2 cases). Three had 2 vessels and 1 had 3 vessels disease.

Success rate was significantly higher in LAD (62%) than Lcx (47.3%) and RCA 33.3% (P < 0.001). Also among different vessel involvement, one vessel disease (56.7%) had significantly higher success rate than multivessel disease (2 vessel (44%) and 3 vessel (33.3%)) (P = 0.005).

A summary of clinical outcomes is shown in Table 3. In-hospital MACE was insignificantly higher in patients with failed PCI compared to successful PCI (17.4% vs. 11%). Unsuccessful PCI was associated with a significantly higher rate of 12 months MACE (43.7% vs. 30.1%, P = 0.01), especially revascularization (41.3% vs. 25.2%, P = 0.02).

Click to view

Table 3. In-Hospital and 12-Months Follow-Up Events in Patients With CTO

In this study, we compared clinical and one year follow-up outcome in 163 successful and 167 unsuccessful PCI on CTO. Patients with unsuccessful PCI were mainly male, had a higher incidence of diabetes mellitus and hypertension. Clinical outcome was improved significantly if the recanalization for CTO was successful, reflected by the lower rate of MACE within the twelve months follow-up period. Notably, no death or new MI was observed in the hospital after the procedures. Moreover, the need for the repeat revascularization of successfully opened occlusions was acceptably low. The risk for late death or myocardial infarction was similar whether or not a patient was discharged with an open artery during the mean follow-up period of 12 months.

Together with the treatment of diffuse multivessel disease and in-stent restenosis lesions, treatment of CTO lesions is considered as one of the remaining major challenges facing interventional cardiologists and the treatment strategy of multivessel disease is currently affected by the presence of CTOs. According to a report [14], 73% of patients without a CTO are referred to PCI, but in the presence of CTO only 47% are referred.

In our study success rate was significantly higher in LAD (62%) than Lcx (47.3%) and RCA 33.3%. Safley and coworkers [17] reported better results in LAD and Lcx than RCA; however the success rate was higher (77%, 76% and 72%, respectively).

In our study in-hospital MACE in all CTO patients was 14.2%, which was higher than previous studies (5.1% in Olivari et al [9] and 1.9% in Rathore et al [18] study).

In-hospital MACE in our study did not differ between successful and unsuccessful PCIs; however there was a trend to higher in-hospital adverse outcome in unsuccessful group. Considering the point that procedural complications observed including tamponade while PCI of CTO were all in unsuccessful PCI emphasis on the result much more. Unlike these findings, Chen et al [19] and Hoye and coworkers7 reported higher MACE in unsuccessful group.

Several studies had reported that patients would benefit from successful recanalization, even in the absence of viable myocardium in the territory supplied by the occluded coronary artery [20].

In our study unsuccessful PCI was associated with a significantly higher rate of 12 months MACE, especially revascularization. During the 12 months following PCI of CTO, Olivari et al [9] found a significantly higher incidence of cardiac death, combined rate of cardiac death and MI, and CABG in patients with a failed procedure as compared with patients with a successful PCI. This excess of cardiac death and MI in patients with failed CTO PCI has been reported in other studies [6, 15], but it has never been observed as early as at 12 months. Unlike these studies, in the current study there was no difference according to of cardiac death and MI in follow-up period. In the other study, successful recanalization was associated with a significant reduction in subsequent CABG but not in myocardial infarction or major adverse cardiac events [21].

Successful PCI for CTO is associated with improvement in survival when compared with PCI failure in three studies [6, 7] while no survival benefit could be revealed in another one from the Mayo Clinic [5]. The current study also could not show survival benefit of successful PCI of CTO.

Although in hospital outcome was the same between groups, patients with successful PCI of CTO had a better one year follow-up outcome than unsuccessful PCI. However mortality rate was the same and main complications were due to revascularization.

Acknowledgments

This research was financially supported by Vice Chancellor for Research, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Iran. The authors are indebted to Cardiovascular Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran for its support.

Conflicts of Interest

None.

1. Christofferson RD, Lehmann KG, Martin GV, Every N, Caldwell JH, Kapadia SR. Effect of chronic total coronary occlusion on treatment strategy. Am J Cardiol. 2005;95(9):1088-1091.
   doi pubmed
2. Srinivas VS, Brooks MM, Detre KM, King SB 3rd, Jacobs AK, Johnston J, Williams DO. Contemporary percutaneous coronary intervention versus balloon angioplasty for multivessel coronary artery disease: a comparison of the National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute Dynamic Registry and the Bypass Angioplasty Revascularization Investigation (BARI) study. Circulation. 2002;106(13):1627-1633.
   doi pubmed
3. Cohen HA, Williams DO, Holmes DR Jr, Selzer F, Kip KE, Johnston JM, Holubkov R, et al. Impact of age on procedural and 1-year outcome in percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty: a report from the NHLBI Dynamic Registry. Am Heart J. 2003;146(3):513-519.
   doi
4. Abbott JD, Kip KE, Vlachos HA, Sawhney N, Srinivas VS, Jacobs AK, Holmes DR, et al. Recent trends in the percutaneous treatment of chronic total coronary occlusions. Am J Cardiol. 2006;97(12):1691-1696.
   doi pubmed
5. Prasad A, Rihal CS, Lennon RJ, Wiste HJ, Singh M, Holmes DR Jr. Trends in outcomes after percutaneous coronary intervention for chronic total occlusions: a 25-year experience from the Mayo Clinic. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2007;49(15):1611-1618.
   doi pubmed
6. Suero JA, Marso SP, Jones PG, Laster SB, Huber KC, Giorgi LV, Johnson WL, et al. Procedural outcomes and long-term survival among patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention of a chronic total occlusion in native coronary arteries: a 20-year experience. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2001;38(2):409-414.
   doi
7. Hoye A, van Domburg RT, Sonnenschein K, Serruys PW. Percutaneous coronary intervention for chronic total occlusions: the Thoraxcenter experience 1992-2002. Eur Heart J. 2005;26(24):2630-2636.
   doi pubmed
8. Buller CE, Dzavik V, Carere RG, Mancini GB, Barbeau G, Lazzam C, Anderson TJ, et al. Primary stenting versus balloon angioplasty in occluded coronary arteries: the Total Occlusion Study of Canada (TOSCA). Circulation. 1999;100(3):236-242.
   doi pubmed
9. Olivari Z, Rubartelli P, Piscione F, Ettori F, Fontanelli A, Salemme L, Giachero C, et al. Immediate results and one-year clinical outcome after percutaneous coronary interventions in chronic total occlusions: data from a multicenter, prospective, observational study (TOAST-GISE). J Am Coll Cardiol. 2003;41(10):1672-1678.
   doi
10. King SB 3rd, Lembo NJ, Weintraub WS, Kosinski AS, Barnhart HX, Kutner MH, Alazraki NP, et al. A randomized trial comparing coronary angioplasty with coronary bypass surgery. Emory Angioplasty versus Surgery Trial (EAST). N Engl J Med. 1994;331(16):1044-1050.
    doi pubmed
11. Sirnes PA, Myreng Y, Molstad P, Bonarjee V, Golf S. Improvement in left ventricular ejection fraction and wall motion after successful recanalization of chronic coronary occlusions. Eur Heart J. 1998;19(2):273-281.
    doi pubmed
12. Aziz S, Stables RH, Grayson AD, Perry RA, Ramsdale DR. Percutaneous coronary intervention for chronic total occlusions: improved survival for patients with successful revascularization compared to a failed procedure. Catheter Cardiovasc Interv. 2007;70(1):15-20.
    doi pubmed
13. Delacretaz E, Meier B. Therapeutic strategy with total coronary artery occlusions. Am J Cardiol. 1997;79(2):185-187.
    doi
14. Ivanhoe RJ, Weintraub WS, Douglas JS Jr, Lembo NJ, Furman M, Gershony G, Cohen CL, et al. Percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty of chronic total occlusions. Primary success, restenosis, and long-term clinical follow-up. Circulation. 1992;85(1):106-115.
    doi pubmed
15. Ishizaka N, Issiki T, Saeki F, Ishizaka Y, Ikari Y, Abe J, Soumitsu Y, et al. Angiographic follow-up after successful percutaneous coronary angioplasty for chronic total coronary occlusion: experience in 110 consecutive patients. Am Heart J. 1994;127(1):8-12.
    doi
16. Arslan U, Balcioglu AS, Timurkaynak T, Cengel A. The clinical outcomes of percutaneous coronary intervention in chronic total coronary occlusion. Int Heart J. 2006;47(6):811-819.
    doi pubmed
17. Safley DM, House JA, Marso SP, Grantham JA, Rutherford BD. Improvement in survival following successful percutaneous coronary intervention of coronary chronic total occlusions: variability by target vessel. JACC Cardiovasc Interv. 2008;1(3):295-302.
    doi pubmed
18. Rathore S, Matsuo H, Terashima M, Kinoshita Y, Kimura M, Tsuchikane E, Nasu K, et al. Procedural and in-hospital outcomes after percutaneous coronary intervention for chronic total occlusions of coronary arteries 2002 to 2008: impact of novel guidewire techniques. JACC Cardiovasc Interv. 2009;2(6):489-497.
    doi pubmed
19. Chen SL, Ye F, Zhang JJ, Lin S, Zhu ZS, Tian NL, Liu ZZ, et al. Clinical outcomes of percutaneous coronary intervention for chronic total occlusion lesions in remote hospitals without on-site surgical support. Chin Med J (Engl). 2009;122(19):2278-2285.
20. Nii H, Wagatsuma K, Kabuki T, Uchida Y, Amano H, Toda M, Yamashina S, et al. [Significance of percutaneous transluminal coronary intervention for chronic total occlusions assessed as non-viable by myocardial scintigraphy]. J Cardiol. 2007;50(6):363-370.
    pubmed
21. Joyal D, Afilalo J, Rinfret S. Effectiveness of recanalization of chronic total occlusions: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Am Heart J. 2010;160(1):179-187.
    doi pubmed

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Cardiology Research is published by Elmer Press Inc.